{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DECDI","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2026-04-07","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Nobuo Yoshida","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"nyoshida@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Yusaku Kawashima","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"ykawashima@worldbankgroup.org"},{"name":"Shinya Takamatsu","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"stakamatsu@worldbank.org"}],"title_statement":{"title":"Reproducibility package for Survey-To-Survey Poverty Monitoring Under Economic Shocks:\nThe Role Of Proxies And Model Flexibility","idno":"RR_WLD_2026_598"},"data_statement":"All data is restricted and has not been included in the reproducibility package. For more details, please refer to the README file.","software":[{"name":"R","version":"4.5.1"},{"name":"Python","version":"3.10"},{"name":"Stata","version":"19 MP"}],"scripts":[{"title":"Reproducibility package for Survey-To-Survey Poverty Monitoring Under Economic Shocks:\nThe Role Of Proxies And Model Flexibility","date":"2026-04","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.","instructions":"See README in reproducibility package.","file_name":"RR_WLD_2026_598","zip_package":"RR_WLD_2026_598.zip","dependencies":"R dependencies are listed in the file renv.lock. Stata dependencies are listed in the ado folder. Python dependencies are in the requirements.txt file."}],"repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"production_date":"2026-04-07","abstract":"Survey-to-survey (S2S) imputation is widely used to produce timely poverty estimates when full consumption surveys are unavailable, yet concerns persist about its reliability during economic shocks and high-frequency monitoring. This paper develops aformal identification framework for the transportability of S2S estimators across periods. We show that neither linear models nor flexible nonlinear learners yield reliable poverty estimates when shock-responsive variables are omitted. When such variables are included, however, model-based estimates can remain reliable under well-defined conditions. Monte Carlo simulations and evidence from Afghanistan, Uganda, and Rwanda support these predictions.","geographic_units":[{"name":"World","code":"WLD"}],"keywords":[{"name":"Survey-To-Survey Imputation"},{"name":"Poverty Monitoring"},{"name":"Economic Shocks"},{"name":"Proxy Variables"},{"name":"Machine Learning"},{"name":"Nonlinear Models"}],"topics":[{"id":"I32","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Measurement and Analysis of Poverty","parent_id":"I3"},{"id":" C83","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Survey Methods \u2022 Sampling Methods","parent_id":"C8"},{"id":" C53","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Forecasting and Prediction Methods \u2022 Simulation Methods","parent_id":"C5"},{"id":" O15","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Human Resources \u2022 Human Development \u2022 Income Distribution \u2022 Migration","parent_id":"O1"}],"output":[{"type":"Working Paper","description":"Policy Research Working Papers (PRWP)","title":"Survey-To-Survey Poverty Monitoring Under Economic Shocks:\nThe Role Of Proxies And Model Flexibility"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"technology_requirements":"Runtime: 5 hours","disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"Modified BSD3","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/bsd-3-clause\/"}],"contacts":[{"name":"Nobuo Yoshida","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"nyoshida@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}],"datasets":[{"name":"National Risk and Vulnerability Survey 2011-2012 (Afghanistan)","note":"Source: International Household Survey Network (IHSN)\n","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"International Household Survey Network (IHSN) (2012) National Risk and Vulnerability Survey 2011-2012 (Afghanistan) [dataset] [Restricted].","uri":"https:\/\/catalog.ihsn.org\/index.php\/catalog\/5230"},{"name":"Living Conditions Surveys 2016-17 (Afghanistan)","note":"Source: International Labour Organization (ILO) \nUsers must contact stakamatsu@worldbank.org to request access.","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"International Labour Organization (ILO) Living Conditions Surveys 2016-17 (Afghanistan) [dataset]. [Restricted]","uri":" https:\/\/catalog.ihsn.org\/index.php\/catalog\/8014"},{"name":"Rwanda - Integrated Household Living Conditions Survey 2010-2011","note":"Source: National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (NISR) \n","access_type":"Data access requires human approval and is not included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (NISR) (2010) Rwanda - Integrated Household Living Conditions Survey 2010-2011 [dataset]. [Restricted]","uri":"https:\/\/microdata.statistics.gov.rw\/index.php\/catalog\/36","license_uri":"https:\/\/statistics.gov.rw\/terms-use"},{"name":"Uganda National Household Survey 2019\/2020","note":"Source: Uganda Bureau of Statistics\n","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"Uganda Bureau of Statistics (2020) Uganda National Household Survey [dataset]. [Restricted]","uri":"https:\/\/www.ubos.org\/datasets-2\/","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.ubos.org\/about-us\/guidelines-on-usage-and-reproduction-of-data\/"},{"name":"Rwanda - Integrated Household Living Conditions Survey 2005-2006","note":"Source: National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (NISR) ","access_type":"Data access requires human approval and is not included in the reproducibility package.","license_uri":"https:\/\/statistics.gov.rw\/terms-use","uri":"https:\/\/microdata.statistics.gov.rw\/index.php\/catalog\/39","citation":"National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (NISR) Rwanda - Integrated Household Living Conditions Survey 2005-2006 [dataset]. [Restricted]"}],"reproduction_instructions":"To reproduce the findings in this paper, a replicator must:\n1. **Secure access to data:** Restricted data are not included in the package. See the *Datasets* subsection for more details.  \n2. **Download and place data:** Once access is obtained, users should place the data in the appropriate folder.  \n3. **Run the package:** Edit `config.do` and `config.py`, then run the scripts in order:  \n   - `Table1_simulation_mi.do`  \n   - `Table2_simulation_mi.do`  \n   - `simulation_table_3_new.R`  \n   - `Generate_Table4.do`  \n   - `Generate_Annex8.do`  \n\nBecause access to the restricted data will not be possible for most users, this package includes all code and outputs used in the analysis for transparency. These files can be used to validate the results presented in the paper.","technology_environment":"Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:\n\u2022 OS: Windows 11 Enterprise\n\u2022 Processor: INTEL(R) XEON(R) PLATINUM 8562Y+ 2.80 GHz (4 processors)\n\u2022 Memory available: 64.0 GB"},"datacite":{"creators":[{"givenName":"Nobuo","familyName":"Yoshida","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"Data Analytics\nDevelopment Data Group (DECDG)"}]},{"givenName":"Yusaku","familyName":"Kawashima","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"WBG Technology Innovation Office\nITS-WBG Information and Technology Solutions"}]},{"givenName":"Shinya","familyName":"Takamatsu","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"Poverty & Equity Global Practice"}]}],"titles":[{"lang":"en","title":"Reproducibility package for Survey-To-Survey Poverty Monitoring Under Economic Shocks:\nThe Role Of Proxies And Model Flexibility"},{"title":"RR_WLD_2026_598","titleType":"Other"}],"publisher":"World Bank","publicationYear":"2026","types":{"resourceType":"Reproducibility package","resourceTypeGeneral":"Other"},"url":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/study\/RR_WLD_2026_598","language":"en"},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"},{"tag":"Open Code"},{"tag":"Restricted Data"}],"schematype":"script"}