{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DECDI","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2026-05-19","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Xinxin Lyu","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"xlyu@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Stephane Straub","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"sstraub@worldbank.org"},{"name":"He He","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"hhe2@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Yue Li","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"yli7@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Jevgenijs Steinbuks","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"jsteinbuks@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Estefania Vergara Cobos","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"evergaracobos@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Manuel Garcia Santana","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"mgarciasantana@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Harris Selod","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"hselod@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Chris Dann","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"cdann@worldbank.org"}],"title_statement":{"title":"Reproducibility package for Infrastructure Foundations\n\nFrom Current Assets To Future Growth","idno":"FR_WLD_2026_601"},"data_statement":"Some data is restricted and has not been included in the reproducibility package. For more details, please refer to the README file. ","software":[{"name":"R","version":"4.4.3 "},{"name":"Stata","version":"18 MP"},{"name":"Python","version":"3.12"},{"name":"Excel"},{"name":"QGIS","version":"3.38.1"}],"scripts":[{"title":"Reproducibility package for Infrastructure Foundations\n\nFrom Current Assets To Future Growth","date":"2026-05","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.","instructions":"See README in reproducibility package.","file_name":"FR_WLD_2026_601","zip_package":"FR_WLD_2026_601.zip","dependencies":"R dependencies are listed in the file renv.lock. Stata dependencies are listed in the ado folder. Python dependencies are listed in requirements.txt."}],"repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"production_date":"2026-05-19","abstract":"Infrastructure lies at the heart of development. Reliable energy systems, efficient transportation networks, and robust digital connectivity are essential for economic growth, job creation, social inclusion, and resilience. They connect people to employment clusters and markets, enable firms to compete and innovate, and allow societies to deliver basic services\u2014from health and education to water and sanitation\u2014at scale. Across much of the developing world, however, large gaps in infrastructure access and quality persist, even as fiscal space remains constrained and investment needs continue to grow. This report, Infrastructure Foundations: From Current Assets to Future Growth, responds to a fundamental policy challenge: how to make better infrastructure investment decisions when resources are scarce and the stakes are high. Governments and development partners face difficult trade-offs, because large unmet needs coexist with tight financing conditions and rising costs. In this context, improving the effectiveness and prioritization of infrastructure spending is as important as mobilizing additional resources.\n\n","geographic_units":[{"name":"World","code":"WLD"}],"keywords":[{"name":"Infrastructure"},{"name":"Energy"},{"name":"Digital"},{"name":"Transport"},{"name":"Construction Cost"}],"output":[{"title":"Infrastructure Foundations\n\nFrom Current Assets To Future Growth"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"MIT License","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/mit"},{"name":"World Bank IGO Rider","uri":"https:\/\/github.com\/worldbank\/metadata-editor\/blob\/main\/WB-IGO-RIDER.md"}],"contacts":[{"name":"Xinxin Lyu","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"xlyu@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}],"datasets":[{"name":"Energy Infrastructure Stock and Value ","note":"Source: World Bank Development Data Hub. Files location: Energy_StockValue_national.csv, Energy_StockValue_admin0.csv, Energy_StockValue_admin1.csv, Energy_StockValue_admin2.csv, Combined_PowerPlantsDataset_Share.csv, Energy_PowerPlants_Stock_Capital_admin2.csv. Data is only available to World Bank Staff through the following link. For data access, please contact the data provider via the link below. ","access_type":"Data is limited-access and is not included in the reproducibility package.","uri":"https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/int\/data\/dataset\/0067069\/energy_infrastructure_stock_and_value","citation":"World Bank. Development Data Hub. Energy Infrastructure Stock and Value [dataset]. Accessed 2025. https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/int\/data\/dataset\/0067069\/energy_infrastructure_stock_and_value","license":"Custom License"},{"name":"The impact of infrastructure on development outcomes elasticity","note":"Source: Compiled by the project team; primary data from the meta-analysis paper Foster et al. (2025) and World Bank\/ESMAP Energy Planning Model (EPM). Access year: 2026. File location: Data\/Raw\/ImpliedE_Final.csv.","access_type":"Data is included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"Authors' compilation. 2026. \"The impact of infrastructure on development outcomes elasticity\" [dataset]. Compiled for project use from the World Bank, Foster et al. (2025), and the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program. 2026. Accessed 2026. World Bank, Infrastructure Foundations From Current Assets To Future Growth.","license":"Open Access"},{"name":"World Development Indicators","note":"File location: Data\/Raw and Data\/Raw\/00_Non Sectoral Data\/Raw\/CountryData; 00_Non Sectoral Data\/Raw\/CountryData\/GDPContributor.xlsx, WDI_Data.csv; population_total.csv; WDI_Data_20260113.csv; WDI_exchange_Data.csv; 6710bd78-8724-415a-96bd-a77a873c48d7_Data.csv, d8a58af6-11b5-47d0-aa47-d469c1a87c1a_Data.csv.\nAccess year: 2025. \nIndicators: Population, total; Gross Domestic Product. ","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","uri":"https:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/source\/world-development-indicators","citation":"World Bank. 2025. World Development Indicators [dataset]. Accessed 2025. https:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/source\/world-development-indicators","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/about\/legal\/terms-of-use-for-datasets"},{"name":"World Energy Outlook 2025","note":"Source: International Energy Agency (IEA), World Energy Outlook (WEO) techno-economic and capital cost assumptions for power-generation technologies. Access year: 2025. File location: Data\/Raw\/1112_WEO_CAPEX.csv.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","uri":"https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/global-energy-and-climate-model\/techno-economic-inputs","citation":"International Energy Agency (IEA). 2025. World Energy Outlook 2025: Techno-Economic Inputs [dataset]. Paris: IEA. Accessed 2025. https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/global-energy-and-climate-model\/techno-economic-inputs","license":"Terms of Use for Non-CC Material","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.iea.org\/terms\/terms-of-use-for-non-cc-material"},{"name":"Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2023","note":"Source: International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), Renewable Power Generation Costs database\/report series. \nFile location: Data\/Raw\/1112_IRENA_Total_Installed_Cost.xlsx. \nAccess year: 2025. ","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","uri":"https:\/\/www.irena.org\/Publications\/2024\/Sep\/Renewable-Power-Generation-Costs-in-2023","citation":"International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). 2024. Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2023 [dataset]. Abu Dhabi: IRENA. Accessed 2025. https:\/\/www.irena.org\/Publications\/2024\/Sep\/Renewable-Power-Generation-Costs-in-2023","license":"Custom License","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.irena.org\/terms-and-conditions"},{"name":"Transmission Cost Assumptions","note":"Source: Compiled from World Bank\/ESMAP transmission cost assumptions and related power-system planning references. File location: Data\/Raw\/1112_CPI_Table 3.1.xlsx. Access year: 2026. Publicly available, locally compiled for project use.  ","access_type":"Data is included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"Authors' compilation. 2026. Transmission Cost Assumptions [dataset]. Compiled for project use from the World Bank and the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program. 2026. Accessed 2026. World Bank, Infrastructure Foundations From Current Assets To Future Growth.","license":"Open Access"},{"name":"Infrastructure Meta-Analysis Dataset ","note":"The file was shared directly by the authors of the paper: https:\/\/documents1.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/099510203092318515\/pdf\/IDU08a9d8af40f7d50487e0837208744c048b215.pdf. For access, contact: vfoster@worldbank.org, mvagliasindi@worldbank.org, ngorgulu@worldbank.org, stephane.straub@tse-fr.eu, jain.dhruv@tse-fr.eu. File location: Data\/Raw\/mradata.dta; 00_Non Sectoral Data\/Raw\/Meta-Analysis Estimates\/ElasticityINF_INFFlagship_20250811.xlsx.","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners\/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"Foster, V., Gorgulu, N., Jain, D., Straub, S., & Vagliasindi, M. (2025). Infrastructure Meta-Analysis Dataset [dataset]. Unpublished data. Access date: 2025.  ","license":"Custom License"},{"name":"Ecuador Housing and Population Census 2015","note":"Source: Ecuador Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edsticas y Censos (National Institute of Statistics and Census). Access year: 2025. File location: Data\/Raw\/population_ecu_admin2.xlsx.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","uri":"https:\/\/aplicaciones3.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec\/BIINEC-war\/index.xhtml;jsessionid=CdQbqUGWsUP2WXqYAwIASj4o.undefined","citation":"Ecuador Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica y Censos (INEC). 2025. Ecuador Housing and Population Census 2015 [dataset]. Accessed 2025. https:\/\/aplicaciones3.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec\/BIINEC-war\/index.xhtml;jsessionid=CdQbqUGWsUP2WXqYAwIASj4o.undefined","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec\/censos\/"},{"name":"Digital Infrastructure Restricted Dataset","note":"Source: Manually compiled by the project team from multiple data providers: proprietary data from TeleGeography (https:\/\/www2.telegeography.com\/) and GlobalData (https:\/\/www.globaldata.com\/), and publicly available data from TowerXchange (https:\/\/infraxchange.com\/) and OpenCellId (https:\/\/www.opencellid.org\/downloads.php). train.csv is a subset of the GlobalData proprietary dataset, limited to fiber optic cables. Ookla_data_countrylevel.dta: country-level broadband speed data purchased from Ookla Speedtest Intelligence. File location: 04_AdditionalRestrictedData\/digital_total_stock_february_23.csv, digital_total_stock_february_23_time_series_panel.csv, submarine_clean_data.xlsx, ixp_costs.xlsx, fibercables_costsestimates.csv, CT_dealvalues_towerxchange 1.csv, full_dataset_with_explanatory.csv, train.csv, subcables_cost.xlsx, datacenters_final_2026.xlsx. Access year: 2025. For details on access, contact Estefania Belen Vergara Cobos (evergaracobos@worldbank.org). A variable list for the confidential datasets used in the project is included in the file variable_inventory.csv.","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners\/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"Authors' compilation. 2025. Digital Infrastructure Dataset [dataset]. Unpublished data. Compiled by the project team from Telegeography, GlobalData, TowerXchange, and OpenCellId. Accessed 2025.","license":"Custom License"},{"name":"Ecuador Admin2 Level Statistics","note":"Source: Author-generated dataset. File location: Data\/Raw\/admin2_ecuador_total.csv (originally at root; moved to restricted data pending review by the World Bank Copyright team). Access year: 2025. Status: Forthcoming on the World Bank Development Data Hub (DDH) under Official Use Only access. ","access_type":"Data is forthcoming in the World Bank Development Data Hub under Official Use Only status. ","citation":"World Bank. Forthcoming. Ecuador Admin2 Level Statistics [dataset]. Forthcoming at the World Bank Development Data Hub. https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/","license":"Official Use Only","uri":"Forthcoming at https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/"},{"name":"World Bank Official Boundaries","note":"Source: World Bank Official Boundaries.\nAccess dates: May and August 2025. \nFile location: 00_Non Sectoral Data\/Raw\/Map\/Admin0_Map\/worldwide_countries.gpkg; 00_Non Sectoral Data\/Raw\/Map\/Admin1_Map\/WB_GAD_ADM1_Bdys.gpkg, WB_GADM_ADM1.gpkg; 00_Non Sectoral Data\/Raw\/Map\/Admin1_Map\/Archive\/gadm_410.gpkg; 00_Non Sectoral Data\/Raw\/Map\/Admin2_Map\/WB_GADM_ADM2.gpkg; 00_Non Sectoral Data\/Raw\/Map\/Maps_NewVersion\/World Bank Official Boundaries - Admin 0.gpkg, World Bank Official Boundaries - Admin 0_all_layers.gpkg, World Bank Official Boundaries - Admin 1.gpkg, World Bank Official Boundaries - Admin 2.gpkg, World Bank Official Boundaries - NDLSA.gpkg, World Bank Official Boundaries - Ocean Mask.gpkg, WB_Official_Boundaries_Admin1_additional_columns.csv, WB_Official_Boundaries_Admin2_additional_columns.csv, DR0095370.csv.\nThe interested user should download the files available in the link below and place them in the appropriate folder structure. The folder structure can be found in the file data_hash_report.csv","access_type":"Data is publicly available, but due to size restrictions is not included in the reproducibility package.","uri":"https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/int\/search\/dataset\/0038272\/world-bank-official-boundaries","citation":"World Bank. 2025. World Bank Official Boundaries [dataset]. Accessed May and August 2025. https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/int\/search\/dataset\/0038272\/world-bank-official-boundaries","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/about\/legal\/terms-of-use-for-datasets"},{"name":"Investment and Capital Stock Dataset, 1960-2019","note":"Source: IMF Investment and Capital Stock Dataset, 1960-2019 (Version May 2021). Access year: 2025. Additional manual calculations to back out the depreciation rate for road, railway, transmission, and distribution lines are included in sheets 2 and 3. Further details about the methodology are included in the report. \nFile location: 00_Non Sectoral Data\/Raw\/IMFInvestmentStock\/IMFInvestmentandCapitalStockDataset2021.xlsx.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","uri":"https:\/\/infrastructuregovern.imf.org\/content\/dam\/PIMA\/Knowledge-Hub\/dataset\/IMFInvestmentandCapitalStockDataset2021.xlsx","citation":"International Monetary Fund (IMF). 2021. IMF Investment and Capital Stock Dataset, 1960-2019 (Version May 2021) [dataset]. Accessed 2025. https:\/\/infrastructuregovern.imf.org\/content\/PIMA\/Home\/Knowledge-Hub\/Publications.html","license":"The Use of IMF Data","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/about\/copyright-and-terms"},{"name":"World Bank Country and Lending Groups","note":"Access year: 2025. \nFile location: 00_Non Sectoral Data\/Raw\/CountryData\/CLASS.xlsx, CLASS_2025_10_07.xlsx, OGHIST_HistoricalClass.xlsx, OGHIST_HistoricalClass_2025_10_07.xlsx, historicincomegroups.csv, classy.csv; 00_Non Sectoral Data\/Raw\/WB_IncomeGroup_Regions\/WorldBankCoutntries_11112025.xlsx.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","uri":"https:\/\/datahelpdesk.worldbank.org\/knowledgebase\/articles\/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups","citation":"World Bank. 2025. World Bank Country and Lending Groups [dataset]. Accessed 2025. https:\/\/datahelpdesk.worldbank.org\/knowledgebase\/articles\/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/about\/legal\/terms-of-use-for-datasets"},{"name":"Penn World Table 11.0","note":"Access date: December 1, 2025. \nFile location: 00_Non Sectoral Data\/Raw\/CountryData\/PWT_2025-12-01T21-30_export.csv.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","uri":"https:\/\/www.rug.nl\/ggdc\/productivity\/pwt\/","citation":"Feenstra, R.C., Inklaar, R., & Timmer, M.P. 2025. Penn World Table 11.0 [dataset]. University of Groningen. Accessed December 1, 2025. https:\/\/www.rug.nl\/ggdc\/productivity\/pwt\/","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"name":"World Bank Doing Business Database","note":"Access year: 2024. File location: 00_Non Sectoral Data\/Raw\/CountryData\/DoingBusiness_Data.csv.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","uri":"https:\/\/archive.doingbusiness.org\/en\/doingbusiness","citation":"World Bank. 2024. Doing Business Database [dataset]. Accessed 2024. https:\/\/archive.doingbusiness.org\/en\/doingbusiness","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/about\/legal\/terms-of-use-for-datasets"},{"name":"World Bank Enterprise Surveys","note":"Access year: 2024. \nFile location: 00_Non Sectoral Data\/Raw\/CountryData\/Enterprise_Data.csv.\nIndicators: Percent of firms expected to give gifts to secure government contract;\nValue of gift expected to secure a government contract (% of contract value);\nSenior management time spent dealing with the requirements of government regulation (%);\nPercent of firms with at least 10% of government\/state ownership. Aggregated data. \n","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","uri":"https:\/\/www.enterprisesurveys.org\/","citation":"World Bank. 2024. Enterprise Surveys [dataset]. Accessed 2024. https:\/\/www.enterprisesurveys.org\/","license":"Custom license","license_uri":"https:\/\/login.enterprisesurveys.org\/content\/sites\/financeandprivatesector\/en\/terms.html"},{"name":"Worldwide Governance Indicators ","note":"Access year: 2024. \nFile location: 00_Non Sectoral Data\/Raw\/CountryData\/Governance_Data.csv.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","uri":"https:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/source\/worldwide-governance-indicators","citation":"World Bank. 2024. Worldwide Governance Indicators [dataset]. Accessed 2024. https:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/source\/worldwide-governance-indicators","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/about\/legal\/terms-of-use-for-datasets"},{"name":"ILOSTAT Database","note":"Source: International Labour Organization (ILO), ILOSTAT. Files used: ILO_Data.xlsx (access year: 2026), LAC_4HRL_ECO_CUR_NB_A-20241217T1929.dta (access year: 2024), EAR_4HRL_SEX_OCU_CUR_NB_A-20241217T1932.dta (access year: 2024). Added in the README; downloaded directly from the ILOSTAT website. File location: 00_Non Sectoral Data\/Raw\/CountryData\/ILO_Data.xlsx, LAC_4HRL_ECO_CUR_NB_A-20241217T1929.dta, EAR_4HRL_SEX_OCU_CUR_NB_A-20241217T1932.dta.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","uri":"https:\/\/ilostat.ilo.org\/data\/","citation":"International Labour Organization (ILO). 2026. ILOSTAT Database [dataset]. Geneva: ILO. Accessed 2026. https:\/\/ilostat.ilo.org\/data\/","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/global\/copyright\/lang--en\/index.htm"},{"name":"International Comparison Program Dataset","note":"Files location: Data\/Raw\/CountryData\/e8392a03-3c8e-4120-9f05-b1a53380ad09_Data.csv. Access year: 2025. ","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","uri":"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/programs\/icp","citation":"World Bank. 2025. International Comparison Program (ICP) [dataset]. Accessed 2025. https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/programs\/icp","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/about\/legal\/terms-of-use-for-datasets"},{"name":"Country Risk Premiums and Cost of Capital","note":"Source: Professor Aswath Damodaran, NYU Stern School of Business. File used: Cost of Capital.xlsx. Access year: 2026. File location: 00_Non Sectoral Data\/Raw\/Meta-Analysis Estimates\/Cost of Capital.xlsx.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","uri":"https:\/\/pages.stern.nyu.edu\/~adamodar\/New_Home_Page\/datafile\/ctryprem.html","citation":"Damodaran, A. 2026. Country Risk Premiums and Cost of Capital [dataset]. Accessed 2026. https:\/\/pages.stern.nyu.edu\/~adamodar\/New_Home_Page\/datafile\/ctryprem.html","license":"Open Access"},{"name":"Global Competitiveness Index dataset","note":"Access year: 2025. \nFile location: 00_Non Sectoral Data\/Raw\/CountryData\/construction_BOS_data.xlsx.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","uri":"https:\/\/www3.weforum.org\/docs\/WEF_TheGlobalCompetitivenessReport2019.pdf","citation":"World Economic Forum. 2019. The Global Competitiveness Report [dataset]. Geneva: WEF. Accessed 2025. https:\/\/www3.weforum.org\/docs\/WEF_TheGlobalCompetitivenessReport2019.pdf","license":"Custom License","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/terms-of-use"},{"name":"Global Labor Statistics","note":"Source: Global Labor Database and ILOSTAT data. Authors' compilation. Access year: 2025. File location: 00_Non Sectoral Data\/Raw\/CountryData\/labor cost final.xlsx.","access_type":"Data is included in the reproducibility package.","uri":"https:\/\/ilostat.ilo.org\/topics\/labour-costs\/","citation":"Authors' compilation. 2025. Global Labor Statistics [dataset]. Compiled with information from the International Labour Organization and World Bank Global Labor Database. Accessed 2025. World Bank, Infrastructure Foundations From Current Assets To Future Growth.","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/about\/legal\/terms-of-use-for-datasets"},{"name":"International Country Risk Guide (ICRG)","note":"Source: International Country Risk Guide (ICRG), PRS Group. Files used: ICRG_EconCountryData.csv, ICRG_PRS.xlsx, ICRG_RiskData.csv. Access year: 2025. Added in the README; downloaded directly from the PRS Group website. File location: 00_Non Sectoral Data\/Raw\/CountryData\/ICRG_EconCountryData.csv, ICRG_PRS.xlsx, ICRG_RiskData.csv.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"PRS Group. 2025. International Country Risk Guide (ICRG) [dataset]. Accessed 2025. https:\/\/www.prsgroup.com","license":"Custom License","uri":"https:\/\/www.prsgroup.com"},{"name":"C\u00f4te d'Ivoire Population Density, 1 km resolution, UN-adjusted","note":"Access date: May 1, 2025. \nFile location: Data\/Confidential\/Map 4_7\/civ_pd_2020_1km_UNadj_ASCII_XYZ\/civ_pd_2020_1km_UNadj_ASCII_XYZ.csv, ci.json, ci_shp.zip. These data are publicly available and can be downloaded from the following link. However, map 4.7 in the paper is produced mainly from restricted data; therefore, the data is not included in the reproducibility package. ","access_type":"Data is publicly available, but since most data needed to produce the figure is confidential, this dataset is not included in the reproducibility package. ","uri":"https:\/\/hub.worldpop.org\/geodata\/summary?id=46892","citation":"WorldPop. 2020. C\u00f4te d'Ivoire Population Density, 1 km resolution, UN-adjusted [dataset]. WorldPop, University of Southampton. Accessed May 1, 2025. https:\/\/hub.worldpop.org\/geodata\/summary?id=46892","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"name":"C\u00f4te d'Ivoire geoBoundaries ADM2","note":"Access date: May 1, 2025. \nFile location: Data\/Confidential\/Map 4_7\/geoBoundaries-CIV-ADM2-all\/geoBoundaries-CIV-ADM2.shp, geoBoundaries-CIV-ADM2.geojson, geoBoundaries-CIV-ADM2_simplified.shp. \nThese data are publicly available and can be downloaded from the following link. However, map 4.7 in the paper is produced mainly from restricted data; therefore, the data is not included in the reproducibility package. ","access_type":"Data is publicly available, but since most data needed to produce the figure is confidential, this dataset is not included in the reproducibility package. ","uri":"https:\/\/data.humdata.org\/dataset\/2af1d88a-3a97-4d9d-b649-7b74e69985a1\/resource\/00342049-3fc4-4077-87f0-5769d1acafb2","citation":"Humanitarian Data Exchange. 2025. C\u00f4te d'Ivoire geoBoundaries ADM2 [dataset]. Accessed May 1, 2025. https:\/\/data.humdata.org\/dataset\/2af1d88a-3a97-4d9d-b649-7b74e69985a1\/resource\/00342049-3fc4-4077-87f0-5769d1acafb2","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"name":"Cell Tower Database","note":"Source: OpenCelliD cell tower database. See Maps Manual for additional details. All files are currently stored under NDA until the Rights team clearance is obtained. For access, contact Estefania Belen Vergara Cobos (evergaracobos@worldbank.org). File location: Map 4_7\/ct_clipped_africa_civ.gpkg; Map2_3\/basestations.gpkg, cell_towers_asia.csv. These data are publicly available and can be downloaded from the following link. However, map 4.7 in the paper is produced mainly from restricted data; therefore, the data is not included in the reproducibility package. A list of variables is included in variable_inventory.csv.","access_type":"Data is publicly available, but since most data needed to produce the figure is confidential, this dataset is not included in the reproducibility package. ","uri":"https:\/\/www.opencellid.org\/downloads.php","citation":"OpenCelliD. 2025. Cell Tower Database [dataset]. Accessed January 20, 2025. https:\/\/www.opencellid.org\/downloads.php","license":"Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0)","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/"},{"name":"Data Center Locations","note":"Access date: January 20, 2025. For more information, contact Estefania Belen Vergara Cobos (evergaracobos@worldbank.org). File location: Map 4_7\/DataCenters.gpkg; Map2_3\/datacenters.gpkg.","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners\/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and is not included in the reproducibility package.","uri":"https:\/\/www.telegeography.com\/","citation":"TeleGeography. 2025. Data Center Locations [dataset]. Unpublished data. https:\/\/www.telegeography.com\/. Accessed January 20, 2025. ","license":"Custom License"},{"name":"Internet Exchange Points Dataset","note":"Source: World Bank Development Data Catalog, Internet Exchange Points dataset. File location: Map 4_7\/ITU_IXP.gpkg; Map2_3\/itu_ixp.gpkg.","access_type":"Data is publicly available, but since most data needed to produce the figure is confidential, this dataset is not included in the reproducibility package. ","uri":"https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/int\/search\/dataset\/0037932\/internet-exchange-points","citation":"World Bank. 2025. Internet Exchange Points [dataset]. Accessed January 20, 2025. https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/int\/search\/dataset\/0037932\/internet-exchange-points","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/about\/legal\/terms-of-use-for-datasets"},{"name":"International Telecommunication Union Broadband Maps","note":"Source: ITU Broadband Maps (BBmaps), transmission network layer. For more information on these data, contact Estefania Belen Vergara Cobos (evergaracobos@worldbank.org). File location: Map 4_7\/ITU_transmission_lines.gpkg; Map2_3\/itu_transmission_lines.gpkg; Map 4_7\/submarinecables.gpkg; Map2_3\/submarinecables.gpkg; 04_AdditionalRestrictedData\/itu_transmission_lines.geojson, itu_transmission_lines_validated.geojson.","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners\/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and is not included in the reproducibility package.","uri":"https:\/\/bbmaps.itu.int\/bbmaps\/","citation":"International Telecommunication Union. 2025. International Telecommunication Union Broadband Maps (BBmaps) \u2013 Terrestrial Fiber Optic Cable Layer [dataset]. Unpublished data. https:\/\/bbmaps.itu.int\/bbmaps. Accessed February 15, 2025. ","license":"Custom License"},{"name":"Africa Continental Shapefile","note":"File location: Map 4.6\/Africa\/Africa\/base\/africa.shp.","access_type":"Data is publicly available, but since most data needed to produce the figure is confidential, this dataset is not included in the reproducibility package. ","uri":"https:\/\/open.africa\/dataset\/africa-shapefiles","citation":"open.africa. 2025. Africa Shapefiles [dataset]. https:\/\/open.africa\/dataset\/africa-shapefiles. Accessed January 10, 2025","license":"Open Access"},{"name":"Global Subnational Atlas of Poverty","note":"File location: Map 4.6\/Africa\/Africa\/base\/gsap_2021.shp, gsap_2021_clipped_africa.shp; Map 4.6\/Africa\/Africa\/base\/GSAP_AM24_2019\/GSAP_AM24_2019.shp.","access_type":"Data is publicly available, but since most data needed to produce the figure is confidential, this dataset is not included in the reproducibility package. ","uri":"https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/int\/search\/dataset\/0042041\/global_subnational_poverty_atlas_gsap","citation":"World Bank. 2021. Global Subnational Atlas of Poverty (GSAP) [dataset]. https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/int\/search\/dataset\/0042041\/global_subnational_poverty_atlas_gsap. Accessed January 10, 2025. ","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/about\/legal\/terms-of-use-for-datasets"},{"name":"WorldPop Population Raster 2025","note":"Source: WorldPop population raster, 2025. Access date: January 10, 2025. File used: pop_2025.tif. File location: Map 4.6\/Africa\/Africa\/base\/pop_2025.tif.","access_type":"Data is publicly available, but since most data needed to produce the figure is confidential, this dataset is not included in the reproducibility package. ","uri":"https:\/\/www.worldpop.org\/datacatalog\/","citation":"WorldPop. 2025. WorldPop Population Raster 2025 [dataset]. Accessed January 10, 2025. https:\/\/www.worldpop.org\/datacatalog\/","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"name":"Confidential Infrastructure Cost Data ","note":"Source: GlobalData (https:\/\/www.globaldata.com\/). Proprietary data purchased by the Infrastructure Chief Economist Office.  File location: Data\/Confidential Data\/datacenters_usd2024_final_november.xlsx, df_gcd_roads.csv, df_rail.csv, ixp_cost_per_ixp2.xlsx, ran_capital_stock.csv, ran_capital_stock_new.csv, submarine_usd2024_final_december.xlsx.","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners\/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution, and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"GlobalData. 2025. Confidential Infrastructure Cost Data [dataset]. Unpublished data. https:\/\/www.globaldata.com\/. Accessed January 10, 2025. ","license":"Custom License"},{"name":"Global Fixed and Mobile Network Performance Maps","note":"Source: Speedtest by Ookla, Global Fixed and Mobile Network Performance Maps, Country-level aggregated broadband speed data. Access date: February 15, 2025. File location: 04_AdditionalRestrictedData\/Ookla_data_countrylevel.dta.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","uri":"https:\/\/registry.opendata.aws\/speedtest-global-performance\/","citation":"Ookla. 2025. Speedtest by Ookla \u2013 Global Fixed and Mobile Network Performance Maps, Open Dataset [dataset]. https:\/\/registry.opendata.aws\/speedtest-global-performance. Accessed February 15, 2025","license":"Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/"},{"name":"OpenStreetMap - Road Network Data","note":"Hispaniola Road Network (Figure 3.S1): OpenStreetMap contributors, downloaded via GeoFabrik (Haiti and Dominican Republic extract). Road network data (road_network.shp) downloaded July 1, 2025. Converted to shapefile and visualized in QGIS. File location: Figure 3.S1 The Roads of Hispaniola\/Materials\/Shapefiles\/road_network.shp.\n\nUzbekistan and Dominican Republic Road Networks (Figure 4.8): downloaded via GeoFabrik. Uzbekistan road network: https:\/\/download.geofabrik.de\/asia\/uzbekistan.html. Dominican Republic road network: https:\/\/download.geofabrik.de\/central-america\/haiti-and-domrep.html. Converted to shapefiles and visualized in QGIS.\nFile location: Figure 4.8 Subnational Distribution of Line Transport Infrastructure\/Materials\/shapefiles\/uzbekistan_roads.shp, domrep_roads.shp.\n\n\n","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","uri":"https:\/\/download.geofabrik.de\/central-america\/haiti-and-domrep.html","citation":"OpenStreetMap contributors via GeoFabrik. 2025. Haiti and Dominican Republic Road Network [dataset]. Downloaded July 1, 2025. Licensed ODbL. https:\/\/download.geofabrik.de\/central-america\/haiti-and-domrep.html","license":"Open Data Commons Open Database License (ODbL)","license_uri":"https:\/\/opendatacommons.org\/licenses\/odbl\/"},{"name":"WorldPop Population Raster 2025 \u2013 Haiti, Uzbekistan and Dominican Republic, 100m Constrained Estimates","note":"WorldPop 2025, 100m constrained population estimates. \nFigure 3.S1:\nHaiti: https:\/\/data.worldpop.org\/GIS\/Population\/Global_2015_2030\/R2025A\/2025\/HTI\/v1\/100m\/constrained\/. \nDominican Republic: https:\/\/data.worldpop.org\/GIS\/Population\/Global_2015_2030\/R2025A\/2025\/DOM\/v1\/100m\/constrained\/. \nFile location: Figure 3.S1 The Roads of Hispaniola\/Materials\/Shapefiles\/ (population raster files).\n\nFigure 4.8\nUzbekistan: https:\/\/data.worldpop.org\/GIS\/Population\/Global_2015_2030\/R2025A\/2025\/UZB\/v1\/100m\/constrained\/uzb_pop_2025_CN_100m_R2025A_v1.tif. Dominican Republic: https:\/\/data.worldpop.org\/GIS\/Population\/Global_2015_2030\/R2025A\/2025\/DOM\/v1\/100m\/constrained\/dom_pop_2025_CN_100m_R2025A_v1.tif. Access date: 2025. File location: Figure 4.8 Subnational Distribution of Line Transport Infrastructure\/Materials\/shapefiles\/uzbekistan_population_2025.tif, domrep_population_2025.tif.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","uri":"https:\/\/www.worldpop.org\/datacatalog\/","citation":"WorldPop. 2025. WorldPop Population Raster 2025 \u2013 Haiti and Dominican Republic, 100m Constrained Estimates [dataset]. https:\/\/www.worldpop.org\/datacatalog. Accessed 2025. ","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"name":"Nigeria Subnational Transport Shapefiles ","note":"Source: Administrative boundaries from World Bank Cartography Unit, shared in \\Map\\.. Road density, rail density, and transportation asset density are derived from the combination of administrative boundaries and results of results_v4.csv (shared data), processed and visualized in QGIS. \nFiles used: road.shp, rail.shp, assetdensity.shp, mask.shp. \nFigure 3.S1 The Roads of Hispaniola\/Materials\/Shapefiles\/subnational_results_b_c.shp.","access_type":"Data is included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"Author's compilation. 2025. Nigeria Subnational Transport Shapefiles [dataset]. Compiled for project use from the World Bank Cartography Unit. Accessed 2026. World Bank, Infrastructure Foundations From Current Assets To Future Growth."},{"note":"File location: Figure 3.S1 The Roads of Hispaniola\/Materials\/Shapefiles\/national_borders.shp.\n\nFigure 4.8: File location: Figure 4.8 Subnational Distribution of Line Transport Infrastructure\/Materials\/shapefiles\/borders_background.shp, borders_uzbekistan_domrep.shp.","access_type":"Data is included in the reproducibility package.","name":"National Borders Shapefiles","citation":"Author's compilation. 2025. National Borders Shapefiles [dataset]. Compiled for project use from the World Bank Cartography Unit. Accessed 2026. World Bank, Infrastructure Foundations From Current Assets To Future Growth."}],"technology_requirements":"Runtime: ~17 minutes","technology_environment":"Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:\n\u2022 OS: Windows 11 Enterprise (Build 10.0.22631)\n\u2022 Processor: Intel(R) Xeon(R) Platinum 8562Y+\n\u2022 Memory available: \u223c128 GB","reproduction_instructions":"To run the code, a new user needs to:\n1. Get access to the restricted and limited-access data, and place it in the appropriate folder. Please see more details in the `Data` section. \n2. Adjust the root file path to the local machine path in all main script files (`.do`, `.R`, and `.ipynb`) and run the scripts. \nAs some of the data is restricted or limited-access and not included in the package, the results produced by the replicators are included in the package in the folder `Outputs` so users can compare them against the published paper."},"datacite":{"creators":[{"givenName":"Xinxin","familyName":"Lyu","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ae7jd04","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]},{"givenName":"Stephane","familyName":"Straub","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ae7jd04","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]},{"givenName":"He","familyName":"He","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ae7jd04","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]},{"givenName":"Yue","familyName":"Li","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ae7jd04","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]},{"givenName":"Jevgenijs","familyName":"Steinbuks","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ae7jd04","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]},{"givenName":"Estefania Vergara","familyName":"Cobos","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ae7jd04","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]},{"givenName":"Manuel Garcia","familyName":"Santana","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ae7jd04","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]},{"givenName":"Harris","familyName":"Selod","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ae7jd04","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]},{"givenName":"Chris","familyName":"Dann","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ae7jd04","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]}],"titles":[{"lang":"en","title":"Reproducibility package for Infrastructure Foundations\n\nFrom Current Assets To Future Growth"},{"title":"FR_WLD_2026_601","titleType":"Other"}],"publisher":"World Bank","publicationYear":"2026","types":{"resourceType":"Reproducibility package","resourceTypeGeneral":"Other"},"url":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/study\/FR_WLD_2026_601","language":"en"},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"},{"tag":"Open Code"},{"tag":"Restricted Data"}],"schematype":"script"}