{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DECDI","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2026-04-28","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Sergio Olivieri","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"solivieri@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Ayago Esmubancha Wambile","affiliation":"World Bank ","email":"awambile@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Giovanni Razzu","affiliation":"University of Reading, UK","email":"g.razzu@reading.ac.uk"}],"title_statement":{"title":"Reproducibility package for Converging Paths: Intergenerational Educational Mobility And The Decline Of Gender And Geographic Gaps In Bangladesh","idno":"RR_BGD_2026_638"},"data_statement":"Some data is restricted and has not been included in the reproducibility package. For more details, refer to the README file.","software":[{"name":"Stata","version":"19.0 MP"}],"scripts":[{"title":"Reproducibility package for Converging Paths: Intergenerational Educational Mobility And The Decline Of Gender And Geographic Gaps In Bangladesh","date":"2026-04","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.","instructions":"See README in reproducibility package.","file_name":"RR_BGD_2026_638","zip_package":"RR_BGD_2026_638.zip","dependencies":"Stata dependencies are listed in the ado folder."}],"repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"production_date":"2026-04-28","abstract":"This study examines intergenerational educational mobility in Bangladesh across cohorts born between the 1950s and 1990s, using data from the 2022 Bangladesh Household Income and Expenditure Survey. Intergenerational regression coefficients (IGRC) and intergenerational correlations (IGC) are estimated, yielding three main findings. First, while the IGRC declines for the 1990s cohort, suggesting reduced persistence of parental education on children's outcomes, the IGC, which accounts for inequality in educational attainment across both generations, follows an inverted U-shaped pattern, resulting in no net mobility change. This finding reverses earlier evidence of increasing persistence through the 1970s and indicates that educational expansion since the 1980s has progressively benefited children of less-educated parents. Second, unlike patterns observed elsewhere in the region, where urban residence confers mobility advantages, Bangladesh exhibits no urban premium. Overall mobility remains higher in rural areas, though substantial convergence occurs in the 1990s cohort. At the regional level, an East-West convergence is observed, driven by mobility improvements in traditionally less-mobile Eastern regions. Third, women historically exhibited higher mobility than men through the 1980s, with gender convergence emerging only in the 1990s cohort, largely due to accelerated male mobility gains among urban males. Bangladesh's educational mobility trajectory is thus characterized by convergence across gender, urban-rural, and region dimensions, a pattern distinct from both its historical experience and broader South Asian trends, though educational gains remain disconnected from labor market outcomes","geographic_units":[{"name":"Bangladesh","code":"BGD"}],"keywords":[{"name":"Social Mobility"},{"name":"Education"},{"name":"Gender"},{"name":"Bangladesh"}],"topics":[{"id":"J62","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Job, Occupational, and Intergenerational Mobility","parent_id":"J6"},{"id":" J16","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Economics of Gender \u2022 Non-labor Discrimination","parent_id":"J1"},{"id":" I24","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Education and Inequality","parent_id":"I2"}],"output":[{"type":"Working Paper","description":"Policy Research Working Papers (PRWP)","title":"Converging Paths: Intergenerational Educational Mobility And The Decline Of Gender And Geographic Gaps In Bangladesh"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"technology_requirements":"Runtime: 1 minute","disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"Modified BSD3","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/bsd-3-clause\/"}],"contacts":[{"name":"Sergio Olivieri","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"solivieri@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}],"datasets":[{"name":"Bangladesh Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) 2022 - Harmonized","note":"Source: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS), accessed via the South Asia Regional Micro Database (SARMD).\nYear: 2022.\nFile location: Reproducibility package\/data\/harmonized files.\nFile name: BGD_2022_HIES_v01_M_v01_A_SARMD_IND.dta; BGD_2022_HIES_v01_M_v01_A_SARMD_INC.dta. Data is accessible to World Bank Staff using the datalibweb Stata package. \n","access_type":"Data is limited-access and is not included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Custom license","citation":"Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS). Household Income and Expenditure Survey (BGD-HIES), Bangladesh 2022 [dataset]. Harmonized version accessed through the South Asia Regional Micro Database (SARMD). Available for World Bank employees from: https:\/\/worldbank.github.io\/SARMD_guidelines\/datalibweb-getting-access-to-sarmd.html via the datalibweb Stata Package. Accessed April 2026.  "},{"note":"Source: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS)\nYear: 2022\nFile location: Reproducibility package\/data\/Rawdata_sec1_2\nFile name: HH_SEC_2A.dta; HH_SEC_2B.dta.","citation":"Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS). 2022. Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) 2022. Bangladesh 2022 [dataset]. Accessed through SARMD (South Asia Regional Micro Database). Available from: https:\/\/nsds.bbs.gov.bd\/en\/microdata. Accessed April 2026. ","license":"Custom license","access_type":"Data access requires purchase or human approval and is not included in the reproducibility package.","name":"Bangladesh Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) 2022 - Raw"}],"reproduction_instructions":"To reproduce the exhibits in the paper, the user should do the following: \n1. Secure Access to Data: Access the datasets not included in the package. See the Datasets section for more details. \n2. Update the working directory on line 49 of the `IGM in education_BD` do file and run the code. \n\nAs some data is restricted, the reproducibility package includes the outputs produced by the replicators. Interested users can verify this against the published paper.","technology_environment":"Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:\n\u2022 OS: Windows 11 Enterprise\n\u2022 Processor: Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 6226R CPU @ 2.90GHz (2.90 GHz) (2 processors)\n\u2022 Memory available: 16.0 GB"},"datacite":{"creators":[{"givenName":"Sergio","familyName":"Olivieri","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank Staff"}]},{"givenName":"Ayago Esmubancha","familyName":"Wambile","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank Staff"}]},{"givenName":"Giovanni","familyName":"Razzu","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Reading, UK"}]}],"titles":[{"lang":"en","title":"Reproducibility package for Converging Paths: Intergenerational Educational Mobility And The Decline Of Gender And Geographic Gaps In Bangladesh"},{"title":"RR_BGD_2026_638","titleType":"Other"}],"publisher":"World Bank","publicationYear":"2026","types":{"resourceType":"Reproducibility package","resourceTypeGeneral":"Other"},"url":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/study\/RR_BGD_2026_638","language":"en"},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"},{"tag":"Open Code"},{"tag":"Restricted Data"}],"schematype":"script"}