{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DECDI","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2026-05-10","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Elizaveta Perova","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"eperova@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Javier Baez","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"jbaez@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Santiago Garriga","affiliation":"Centro de Estudios en Finanzas P\u00fablicas (CEFIP) IIE-FCE-UNLP.","email":"garrigasantiago@gmail.com"},{"name":"Meliz Tyurkileri","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"mtyurkileri@worldbank.org"}],"title_statement":{"title":"Reproducibility package for Motherhood And Labor Market Trajectories In T\u00fcrkiye","idno":"RR_TUR_2026_627"},"data_statement":" Some data is restricted and has not been included in the reproducibility package. For more details, please refer to the README file.","software":[{"name":"Stata","version":"19.5 MP"}],"scripts":[{"title":"Reproducibility package for Motherhood And Labor Market Trajectories In T\u00fcrkiye","date":"2026-05","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.","instructions":"See README in reproducibility package.","file_name":"RR_TUR_2026_627","zip_package":"RR_TUR_2026_627.zip","dependencies":"Stata dependencies are listed in the ado folder."}],"repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"production_date":"2026-05-10","abstract":"This study estimates the child penalty in T\u00fcrkiye, defined as the negative impact of having a child on mothers' labor market outcomes. Utilizing the Survey of Income and Living Conditions data from 2006 to 2023, the analysis reveals a significant child penalty, which varies across regions within the country. Panel-based estimates show that women\u2019s labor force participation drops by 44 percent in the year following child\u2019s birth, while their employment rates decline by 40% percent. Additionally, for mothers who remained employed, their working hours decrease by approximately 7%, while the likelihood of informal employment increases by 69% three years after childbirth. The results highlight the persistence of the child penalty\u2014lasting for at least 10 years after the birth of the first child\u2014and stand in stark contrast to men\u2019s labor market outcomes, which remain largely unchanged. The study identifies key factors that mitigate the penalty, including higher education, older age at birth, presence of grandmothers, availability of childcare services, and more progressive gender norms. The findings underscore the need for policy interventions that enhance gender equality in the labor market for mothers, such as expanding childcare services, promoting flexible work arrangements, and addressing gender norms. ","geographic_units":[{"name":"T\u00fcrkiye","code":"TUR"}],"keywords":[{"name":"Child Penalty"},{"name":"Gender Gaps In The Labor Market"},{"name":"T\u00fcrkiye"}],"topics":[{"id":"J22","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Time Allocation and Labor Supply","parent_id":"J2"},{"id":" J13","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Fertility \u2022 Family Planning \u2022 Child Care \u2022 Children \u2022 Youth","parent_id":"J1"},{"id":" J16","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Economics of Gender \u2022 Non-labor Discrimination","parent_id":"J1"}],"output":[{"type":"Working Paper","description":"Policy Research Working Papers (PRWP)","title":"Motherhood And Labor Market Trajectories In T\u00fcrkiye"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"technology_requirements":"Run time ~ 25 minutes","disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"MIT License","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/mit"},{"name":"World Bank IGO Rider","uri":"https:\/\/github.com\/worldbank\/metadata-editor\/blob\/main\/WB-IGO-RIDER.md"}],"contacts":[{"name":"Elizaveta Perova","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"eperova@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}],"datasets":[{"name":"Income and Living Conditions Survey - T\u00fcrkiye","note":"Source: TurkStat. Longitudinal datasets: 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023. Cross-sectional datasets: 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023. Dates accessed: September 2021 (Longitudinal 2009, 2010, 2014, 2019; Cross-sectional 2020); April 2014 (Longitudinal 2012); July 2015 (Longitudinal 2013); May 2017 (Longitudinal 2015); May 2018 (Longitudinal 2016); May 2020 (Longitudinal 2017, 2018); October 2023 (Longitudinal 2021; Cross-sectional 2022); January 2022 (Longitudinal 2020); September 2024 (Longitudinal 2022, 2023); September 2014 (Cross-sectional 2011, 2012); January 2015 (Cross-sectional 2013); November 2015 (Cross-sectional 2014); March 2017 (Cross-sectional 2015); November 2017 (Cross-sectional 2016); November 2018 (Cross-sectional 2017); May 2020 (Cross-sectional 2018); October 2020 (Cross-sectional 2019); July 2022 (Cross-sectional 2021); October 2024 (Cross-sectional 2023). File location \u2014 Longitudinal: replication_package\/raw\/raw_panel . File location \u2014 Cross-sectional: replication_package\/raw\/raw_cs. Access is restricted and redistribution is not permitted. Researchers may request data access by submitting a completed Micro Data Request Form and a Letter of Undertaking for Use of Micro Data Not Limited for Dissemination\" \u2014 both provided by TurkStat \u2014 to info@tuik.gov.tr. Further details and the required forms are available at https:\/\/www.tuik.gov.tr\/Kurumsal\/Mikro_Veri. Once access is granted, researchers will receive four separate data files: household register, household, personal register and personal data. To replicate the analysis, only the personal register and personal data files are required. These data files contain information on household and individual identifiers, along with socio-demographic characteristics, labor market status, and income. Note 2 (Cross-sectional 2011 and 2012 only): The dataset has two potential sources: Eurostat and TurkStat. Although the authors originally obtained access via Eurostat, that source is no longer available. The same dataset can now be requested directly from TurkStat. Note that there may be slight variations between data accessed through different sources. TurkStat provides data in CSV format. Replicators must manually convert these CSV files to the required format, rename them as specified above, and place them in the corresponding file locations before beginning the analysis.","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners\/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Custom License","citation":"TurkStat. (2010\u20132024). \"Income and Living Conditions Survey (T\u00fcrkiye)\" [dataset]. Longitudinal editions: 2009\u20132023. Cross-sectional editions: 2011\u20132023. "},{"name":"World Values Survey Trend File (1981\u20132022) Cross-National Data-Set","note":"Source: JD Systems Institute & WVSA Secretariat. Version: v3.0.0, released December 14, 2022. This was the most recent version available at the time the research was conducted. Note that older versions of this dataset are no longer publicly accessible. A more recent version (v4.1.0) is currently available at https:\/\/www.worldvaluessurvey.org\/WVSEVStrend.jsp. Replicating the analysis with the updated version may only affect the results presented in Figure 11(a). Access date: June 2025. File location: replication_package\/datain. File name: WVS_trends_3_0.dta.","access_type":"Data is publicly available, but does not allow redistribution and is not included in the reproducibility package","uri":"https:\/\/www.worldvaluessurvey.org\/WVSEVStrend.jsp","citation":"Haerpfer, C., Inglehart, R., Moreno, A., Welzel, C., Kizilova, K., Diez-Medrano J., M. Lagos, P. Norris, E. Ponarin & B. Puranen et al. (eds.). 2022. World Values Survey Trend File (1981-2022) Cross-National Data-Set. Madrid, Spain & Vienna, Austria: JD Systems Institute & WVSA Secretariat. Data File Version 3.0.0, doi:10.14281\/18241.23.","license":"Custom License"},{"name":"Prosperous Places: Advancing Spatially Inclusive Development in T\u00fcrkiye ","note":"Source: World Bank. This dataset was compiled for the Prosperous Places report (P175434) and is not publicly archived. It may be made available upon request to the project team leader, Javier E. Baez (jbaez@worldbank.org). The dataset contains detailed information on regional-level GDP, labor force, and other socioeconomic indicators for T\u00fcrkiye. The share of unpaid family workers and baseline GDP per capita utilized to produce Figure 11 are derived from this dataset. Access date: June 2025. File location: replication_package\/datain. File name: extended_regional_database.dta.","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners\/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Custom License","citation":"World Bank. 2023. \"Prosperous Places: Advancing Spatially Inclusive Development in T\u00fcrkiye\" [dataset]. Unpublished data. Accessed June 2025"},{"name":"Supply and Demand for Childcare Services in Turkey: A Mixed Methods Study","note":"Source: World Bank. This dataset was compiled for the Supply and Demand for Childcare Services in Turkey: A Mixed Methods Study report and is not publicly archived. It may be made available upon request to the project team leader, Ana Maria Munoz Boudet (amunozboudet@worldbank.org). The dataset contains detailed regional-level information on childcare centers. The children per childcare center indicator used to produce Figure 11(b) is derived from this dataset. Note that the dataset name used here was assigned by the authors for ease of reference. Researchers seeking to replicate the analysis should request the \"Province_Map\" dataset compiled for this project. Access date: June 2025. File location: replication_package\/datain. File name: childcare.dta.","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners\/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution, and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Custom License","citation":"World Bank. 2015. \"Supply and Demand for Childcare Services in Turkey: A Mixed Methods Study\" [dataset]. Unpublished data. Accessed June 2025"},{"name":"Consumer Price Index - T\u00fcrkiye","note":"Source: TurkStat; derived by the authors. The Consumer Price Index (CPI) deflator used in this study was derived from the Index Numbers and Rate of Changes in the Consumer Price Index, 2005\u20132025 table published by TurkStat. For each year, the average of the monthly index values was calculated. The resulting annual averages were then rescaled so that the 2017 average equals 1, establishing 2017 as the base year. Access date: January 2025. File location: replication_package\/datain. File name: cpi2017.dta.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","uri":"https:\/\/veriportali.tuik.gov.tr\/en\/press\/54176","citation":"TurkStat. 2025. Consumer Price Index (CPI): \"Index numbers and rate of changes in the consumer price index, 2005\u20132025.\" Accessed January 2025.","license":"TurkStat Legal Notice","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.tuik.gov.tr\/Kurumsal\/Yasal_Uyari"},{"name":"Regional Identifiers - T\u00fcrkiye","note":"Source: Authors' compilation. This dataset was compiled by the authors and contains region names alongside their corresponding NUTS2 and NUTS3 classification codes for T\u00fcrkiye. It was constructed to facilitate the merging of regional datasets used in the analysis. File location: replication_package\/datain. File name: RegionIDs.dta.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"Authors' compilation. 2025. \"Turkey Regional Classification Crosswalk\" [dataset]. Compiled from official NUTS3 regional classification data from the Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat) and Eurostat."}],"reproduction_instructions":"To reproduce the exhibits in this paper, a new user should do the following\n1. Once access is granted on the restricted datasets, place them in the appropriate folder\n2. Update the directory for the Panel `Master` do in the panel folder and run the script\n3. Update the directory for the cross-section `Master` do in the cs folder and run the script\n4. Update the directory for the heterogeneity `Master` do in the heterogeneity folder and run the script\nSince the data is not included in the package, the outputs created by the replicators are included in the package so that users can compare them with the published manuscript","technology_environment":"Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:\n\u2022 OS: Windows 11 Enterprise\n\u2022 Processor: Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 5218 CPU @ 2.30GHz (2.30 GHz) (2 processors)\n\u2022 Memory available: 16 GB\n\u2022 Software version: Stata 19.5 MP\n"},"datacite":{"creators":[{"givenName":"Elizaveta","familyName":"Perova","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank"}]},{"givenName":"Javier","familyName":"Baez","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank"}]},{"givenName":"Santiago","familyName":"Garriga","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Estudios en Finanzas P\u00fablicas (CEFIP) IIE-FCE-UNLP."}]},{"givenName":"Meliz","familyName":"Tyurkileri","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank"}]}],"titles":[{"lang":"en","title":"Reproducibility package for Motherhood And Labor Market Trajectories In T\u00fcrkiye"},{"title":"RR_TUR_2026_627","titleType":"Other"}],"publisher":"World Bank","publicationYear":"2026","types":{"resourceType":"Reproducibility package","resourceTypeGeneral":"Other"},"url":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/study\/RR_TUR_2026_627","language":"en"},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"},{"tag":"Open Code"},{"tag":"Restricted Data"}],"schematype":"script"}