{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DECDI","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2026-05-19","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Omar A. Guerrero","affiliation":"University of Helsinki","email":"omar.guerrero@helsinki.fi"},{"name":"Michael Weber","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"mweber1@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Daniele Guariso","affiliation":"CMCC Foundation - Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change","email":"daniele.guariso@gmail.com"},{"name":"Gonzalo Casta\u00f1eda","affiliation":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y Docencia Econ\u00f3micas (CIDE)","email":"sociomatica@hotmail.com"}],"title_statement":{"title":"Reproducibility package for Human Capital Expenditure And Its Effectiveness On Multi-Programme Coverage: A Policy Prioritization Investigation","idno":"RR_MEX_2026_619"},"data_statement":"All data sources are publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","software":[{"name":"Python","version":"3.10"}],"scripts":[{"title":"Reproducibility package for Human Capital Expenditure And Its Effectiveness On Multi-Programme Coverage: A Policy Prioritization Investigation","date":"2026-05","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.","instructions":"See README in reproducibility package.","file_name":"RR_MEX_2026_619","zip_package":"RR_MEX_2026_619.zip","dependencies":"Python dependencies are listed in the requirements.txt file."}],"repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"production_date":"2026-05-19","abstract":"This paper uses AI-enhanced agent computing to determine how to allocate budgetary resources within a large set of heterogeneous government programs targeting human capital.\nOur approach considers essential features of the budget allocation process: multidimensionality, interdependencies between policy issues, and the political economy of public officials' collective action.\nWe use highly disaggregated Mexican data covering the 2016-2022 period across 49 human capital programs of the federal government and focus on how expenditure affects program coverage (the proportion of the population with a public problem and who has access to various government benefits to mitigate those problems) in the short run.\nWe answer the following research questions: how sensitive is program coverage to changes in public expenditure?; what are the structural bottlenecks behind poor coverage response?; and what are the optimal budgetary allocations that could boost the performance of a multidimensional objective function?","geographic_units":[{"name":"Mexico","code":"MEX"}],"keywords":[{"name":"Human Capital"},{"name":"Public Finance"},{"name":"Budgetary Allocation"},{"name":"Program Coverage"},{"name":"Computational Economics"},{"name":"Agent Computing"},{"name":"Mexico"}],"topics":[{"id":"J24","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Human Capital \u2022 Skills \u2022 Occupational Choice \u2022 Labor Productivity","parent_id":"J2"},{"id":" C63","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Computational Techniques \u2022 Simulation Modeling","parent_id":"C6"},{"id":" H50","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"General","parent_id":"H5"},{"id":" I25","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Education and Economic Development","parent_id":"I2"},{"id":" O15","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Human Resources \u2022 Human Development \u2022 Income Distribution \u2022 Migration","parent_id":"O1"}],"output":[{"type":"Working Paper","description":"Policy Research Working Papers (PRWP)","title":"Human Capital Expenditure And Its Effectiveness On Multi-Programme Coverage: A Policy Prioritization Investigation"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"technology_requirements":"Runtime: 20 minutes","disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"MIT License","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/mit"},{"name":"World Bank IGO Rider","uri":"https:\/\/github.com\/worldbank\/metadata-editor\/blob\/main\/WB-IGO-RIDER.md"}],"contacts":[{"name":"Omar A. Guerrero","affiliation":"University of Helsinki","email":"omar.guerrero@helsinki.fi"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}],"datasets":[{"name":"Inventario CONEVAL de Programas y Acciones Federales de Desarrollo Social","note":"Source: CONEVAL","uri":" https:\/\/www.coneval.org.mx\/evaluacion\/ipfe","citation":"CONEVAL. 2023. \"Inventario CONEVAL de Programas y Acciones Federales de Desarrollo Social\" [dataset]. https:\/\/www.coneval.org.mx\/evaluacion\/ipfe. Accessed 10-2024.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package."},{"citation":"World Bank. 2025. \"Worldwide Governance Indicators\" [dataset]. https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/publication\/worldwide-governance-indicators. Accessed October 2024.","uri":"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/publication\/worldwide-governance-indicators","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/about\/legal\/terms-of-use-for-datasets","license":"CC-BY 4.0 with additional terms specified in the license URL","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","name":"Worldwide Governance Indicators","note":"Source: World Bank"},{"name":"Consumer Price Indices","license":"CC-BY 4.0 with additional terms specified in the license URL","uri":"https:\/\/data360.worldbank.org\/en\/dataset\/FAO_CP","citation":"World Bank. 2023. \"Consumer Price Indices\" [dataset]. https:\/\/data360.worldbank.org\/en\/dataset\/FAO_CP. Accessed 10-2024.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/about\/legal\/terms-of-use-for-datasets","note":"Source: World Bank"},{"name":"World Population Prospects","note":"Source: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs","uri":"https:\/\/population.un.org\/wpp\/","citation":"United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 2023. \"World Population Prospects\" [dataset]. https:\/\/population.un.org\/wpp\/. Accessed 10-2024.","license_uri":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/igo\/","license":"CC BY 3.0 IGO","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package."},{"name":"Human Capital Index","note":"Source: World Bank","uri":"https:\/\/humancapital.worldbank.org","citation":"World Bank. 2023. \"Human Capital Index\" [dataset]. https:\/\/humancapital.worldbank.org. Accessed 10-2024.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/about\/legal\/terms-of-use-for-datasets","license":"CC-BY 4.0 with additional terms specified in the license URL"}],"reproduction_instructions":"The package uses intermediate data. The code used to process the raw data into intermediate data is included in the package for transparency; however, reviewers did not verify this portion of the workflow because some of the dependencies required to run the data-construction code are no longer available. Instead, reviewers verified the outputs generated from the intermediate data included in the package.\nTo reproduce the exhibits in this paper, users should:\n1. Restore the software environment using `requirements.txt`.\n2. Run `main.py`. \nOutputs will be generated in the `figures` and `tables` folders.\n","technology_environment":"Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:\n\u2022 OS: Windows 11 Enterprise\n\u2022 Processor: Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 5218 CPU @ 2.30GHz, 2300 Mhz, 4 Core(s), 4 Logical Processor(s)\n\u2022 Memory available: 8.15 GB\n\u2022 Software version: Python 3.10"},"datacite":{"creators":[{"givenName":"Omar A.","familyName":"Guerrero","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Helsinki","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/040af2s02"}]},{"givenName":"Michael","familyName":"Weber","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ae7jd04","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]},{"givenName":"Daniele","familyName":"Guariso","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"CMCC Foundation - Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01tf11a61"}]},{"givenName":"Gonzalo","familyName":"Casta\u00f1eda","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y Docencia Econ\u00f3micas (CIDE)","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/014zxe029"}]}],"titles":[{"lang":"en","title":"Reproducibility package for Human Capital Expenditure And Its Effectiveness On Multi-Programme Coverage: A Policy Prioritization Investigation"},{"title":"RR_MEX_2026_619","titleType":"Other"}],"publisher":"World Bank","publicationYear":"2026","types":{"resourceType":"Reproducibility package","resourceTypeGeneral":"Other"},"url":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/study\/RR_MEX_2026_619","language":"en","doi":"10.60572\/t04n-aj31","prefix":"10.60572","suffix":"t04n-aj31"},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"},{"tag":"Open Code"},{"tag":"Open data"}],"schematype":"script"}