{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DECDI","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2026-05-15","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Estefania Vergara Cobos","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"evergaracobos@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Selcen Cakir","affiliation":"University of Turku, Department of Economics","email":"selcencakir1@gmail.com"},{"name":"Hagai Mei Zahav","affiliation":"World Bank ","email":"hmeizahav@worldbank.org"}],"title_statement":{"title":"Reproducibility package for Who Gains From Cybersecurity Preparedness? Evidence From Sectoral Growth","idno":"RR_WLD_2026_641"},"data_statement":"All data sources are publicly available and included in the reproducibility package. ","software":[{"name":"R","version":"version 4.5.2"}],"scripts":[{"title":"Reproducibility package for Who Gains From Cybersecurity Preparedness? Evidence From Sectoral Growth","date":"2026-05","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.","instructions":"See README in reproducibility package.","file_name":"RR_WLD_2026_641","zip_package":"RR_WLD_2026_641.zip","dependencies":"R dependencies are listed in the file renv.lock."}],"repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"production_date":"2026-05-15","abstract":"Does cybersecurity preparedness matter for growth, and if so, where? This paper provides evidence that cybersecurity preparedness amplifies growth in digitally exposed sectors, highlighting its role as a key institutional complement to digitalization. We use a cross country, cross sector interaction design on a panel of 178 countries, five sectors, and two growth intervals, exploiting within country differences across sectors and over time. The estimates imply that a one standard deviation increase in cybersecurity preparedness is associated with about 1 to 2 percentage points higher annualized value added growth in sectors that are more vulnerable to cyber risk relative to less exposed sectors within the same country period. The result is robust across alternative measures of sectoral vulnerability and a range of additional tests. We also find that the effects are slightly larger in high-income countries, suggesting potential differences in the effectiveness of cybersecurity systems. Overall, the results suggest that investments in digital infrastructure and digital adoption may yield larger and more resilient growth returns when accompanied by effective cybersecurity.","geographic_units":[{"name":"World","code":"WLD"}],"keywords":[{"name":"Cybersecurity"},{"name":"Sectoral Growth"},{"name":"Digitalization"},{"name":"Productivity"},{"name":"Institutions"},{"name":"Development"}],"topics":[{"id":"H56","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"National Security and War","parent_id":"H5"},{"id":" L86","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Information and Internet Services \u2022 Computer Software","parent_id":"L8"},{"id":" O11","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development","parent_id":"O1"},{"id":" O14","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Industrialization \u2022 Manufacturing and Service Industries \u2022 Choice of Technology","parent_id":"O1"},{"id":" O33","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Technological Change: Choices and Consequences \u2022 Diffusion Processes","parent_id":"O3"}],"output":[{"type":"Working Paper","description":"Policy Research Working Papers (PRWP)","title":"Who Gains From Cybersecurity Preparedness? Evidence From Sectoral Growth"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"technology_requirements":"Runtime ~ 5 minutes","disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"MIT License","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/mit"},{"name":"World Bank IGO Rider","uri":"https:\/\/github.com\/worldbank\/metadata-editor\/blob\/main\/WB-IGO-RIDER.md"}],"contacts":[{"name":"Estefania Vergara Cobos","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"evergaracobos@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}],"datasets":[{"name":"OECD Inter-Country Input-Output Tables","note":"Data accessed in October 2025. Author-prepared file based on OECD inter-country input-output data. Contains sector-level digital input exposure measures used to construct alternative vulnerability proxies. Download Steps: Visit OECD statistics portal, locate input-output tables, download sector-level data. File location: reproducibility\/data\/sectors_digital_content.dta.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0)","uri":"https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/en\/data\/datasets\/inter-country-input-output-tables.html","citation":"OECD. 2025. \"Inter-Country Input-Output Tables\" [dataset]. Author compilation. https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/en\/data\/datasets\/inter-country-input-output-tables.html. Accessed October 2025.","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"name":"Quantity Index of Energy Inputs ","note":"Data accessed in October 2025. Contains U.S. sectoral energy input indices used for placebo regressions. Produced by the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), Industry Accounts, as part of the Integrated Industry-Level Production Account (KLEMS). To access: visit the BEA website URL provided, navigate to Production Account Tables, download the 1997-2023 XLSX file, open the workbook, locate the sheet titled Quantity Index Energy Inputs (2017=100), and copy\/paste that worksheet into a new Excel file. File location: reproducibility\/data\/SectoralEnergyIndexInput_US.xlsx.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Open Access","uri":"https:\/\/www.bea.gov\/data\/special-topics\/integrated-industry-level-production-account-klems","citation":"U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA). 2025. \"Integrated Industry-Level Production Account (KLEMS): Quantity Index of Energy Inputs (2017=100)\" [dataset]. Industry Accounts. https:\/\/www.bea.gov\/data\/special-topics\/integrated-industry-level-production-account-klems. Accessed October 2025.","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.bea.gov\/open-data"},{"name":"Global Cybersecurity Index Panel (2017, 2018, 2020, 2024)","note":"Data accessed in January 2025. Contains panel data for the Global Cybersecurity Index across countries for 2017, 2018, 2020, and 2024. The dataset was built manually by merging World Bank consolidated data for 2020 and 2024 with ITU report data for 2017 and 2018. To access: download the World Bank GCI consolidated file containing 2020 and 2024 data; download ITU reports for 2017 and 2018; extract Annex 1 data from the 2017 report, multiply values by 100, and merge with the 2020 and 2024 data; repeat for 2018 data. URL (World Bank consolidated): https:\/\/data360files.worldbank.org\/data360-data\/data\/ITU_GCI\/ITU_GCI_GCI_OVRL_SCRE_WIDEF.csv. URL (ITU 2017 report): https:\/\/www.itu.int\/dms_pub\/itu-d\/opb\/str\/D-STR-GCI.01-2017-R1-PDF-E.pdf. URL (ITU 2018 report): https:\/\/www.itu.int\/dms_pub\/itu-d\/opb\/str\/D-STR-GCI.01-2018-PDF-E.pdf. File location: Reproducibility\/data\/gci_panel.xlsx.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 IGO (CC BY-NC 3.0 IGO)","uri":"https:\/\/data360files.worldbank.org\/data360-data\/data\/ITU_GCI\/ITU_GCI_GCI_OVRL_SCRE_WIDEF.csv","citation":"International Telecommunication Union (ITU). 2025. \"Global Cybersecurity Index\" [dataset]. World Bank Data360 consolidated panel and ITU official publications. https:\/\/www.itu.int\/en\/ITU-D\/Cybersecurity\/Pages\/global-cybersecurity-index.aspx. Accessed January 2025.","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/3.0\/igo\/"},{"name":"Global Cybersecurity Index 2017 (Cross-Section)","note":"Data accessed in January 2025. Contains the 2017 cross-section of the Global Cybersecurity Index. This file is a subset of gci_panel.xlsx, extracted in Excel from the 2017 ITU Global Cybersecurity Index report. To access: download the 2017 GCI report from the ITU website and use the appendix table to build the dataset. File location: Reproducibility\/data\/2017gci.csv.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"CC BY-NC 3.0 IGO","uri":"https:\/\/www.itu.int\/dms_pub\/itu-d\/opb\/str\/D-STR-GCI.01-2017-R1-PDF-E.pdf","citation":"International Telecommunication Union (ITU). 2017. \"Global Cybersecurity Index 2017\" [dataset]. https:\/\/www.itu.int\/dms_pub\/itu-d\/opb\/str\/D-STR-GCI.01-2017-R1-PDF-E.pdf. Accessed January 2025.","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/3.0\/igo\/"},{"name":"University of Maryland Cyber Events Database","note":"Data accessed in February 2025. Contains global cyber incident data used to construct sectoral vulnerability measures. Author-prepared extraction from the University of Maryland CISSM Cyber Events Database. Access can be obtained by visiting the link, subscribing, and downloading. Note: This endpoint originally returned cyber incidents collected from curated websites and blogs. It now returns cyber incidents using the Global Database on Events Language and Tone (GDELT), which may result in a dataset that differs slightly from data downloaded in early 2025. File location: Reproducibility\/data\/Final_Maryland.xlsx.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Open Access","uri":"https:\/\/cissm.umd.edu\/cyber-events-database","citation":"University of Maryland, Center for International and Security Studies at Maryland (CISSM). 2025. \"Cyber Events Database\" [dataset]. https:\/\/cissm.umd.edu\/cyber-events-database. Accessed February 2025.","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.lib.umd.edu\/about\/policies\/privacy"},{"name":"University of Maryland Cyber Events Database (U.S. Subset)","note":"Data accessed in January 2025. Contains U.S.-specific cyber incidents used to construct alternative vulnerability measures. This file is a subset of Final_Maryland.xlsx, constructed in Excel by filtering for U.S. incidents only. Access can be obtained by visiting the link, subscribing, downloading, and sorting to create a USA-only dataset. File location: reproducibility\/data\/us_cyberincidents.csv.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Open Access","uri":"https:\/\/cissm.umd.edu\/cyber-events-database","citation":"University of Maryland, Center for International and Security Studies at Maryland (CISSM). 2025. \"Cyber Events Database - U.S. Subset\" [dataset]. Author-prepared extraction. https:\/\/cissm.umd.edu\/cyber-events-database. Accessed January 2025.","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.lib.umd.edu\/about\/policies\/privacy"},{"name":"UNSD Industry Value Added at Constant 2015 Prices (USD)","note":"Data accessed in October 2025. Contains country-sector real value added data in constant 2015 USD used to compute sector growth outcomes. Source: United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD), National Accounts, Industry Value Added data, accessed via the UNData portal. To access: click on the UNData link, navigate to National Accounts Estimates of Main Aggregates, and select Gross Value Added by Kind of Economic Activity at constant (2015) prices - US dollars. Note: At the time of original download, this endpoint returned constant 2015 USD values. It now returns constant 2020 USD values following UNData revisions; results may therefore differ if data are re-downloaded. File location: Reproducibility\/data\/UNSD_industry_added_value_USD_constant_2015.xlsx.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Open Access","uri":"http:\/\/data.un.org\/Explorer.aspx","citation":"United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD). 2025. \"National Accounts Estimates of Main Aggregates: Gross Value Added by Kind of Economic Activity at Constant (2015) Prices - US Dollars\" [dataset]. UNData. http:\/\/data.un.org\/Explorer.aspx. Accessed October 2025.","license_uri":"https:\/\/data.un.org\/Host.aspx?Content=UNdataUse"},{"name":"World Bank Country Income Classifications","note":"Data accessed in May 2025. Contains country income classifications used to divide countries into High Income and Non-High Income groups. To access: download the classification file directly from the World Bank link provided. File location: Reproducibility\/data\/classy.csv.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0)","uri":"https:\/\/databankfiles.worldbank.org\/public\/ddpext_download\/site-content\/CLASS.xlsx","citation":"World Bank. 2025. \"World Bank Country and Lending Groups\" [dataset]. https:\/\/databankfiles.worldbank.org\/public\/ddpext_download\/site-content\/CLASS.xlsx. Accessed May 2025.","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"technology_environment":"Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:\n\u2022 OS: Windows 11 Enterprise\n\u2022 Processor: Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 5218 CPU @ 2.30GHz (2.30 GHz) (2 processors)\n\u2022 Memory available: 16 GB\n","reproduction_instructions":"To reproduce the exhibit in this paper a new user should do the following\n1. Open the R Project `Who_Gains.Rproj`\n2. Restore the environment by running renv::restore() and following the prompts.\n3. Open the `WhoGains_clean_code_final.R` script\n4. Update the directory on line 49 and run the codes\n\n"},"datacite":{"creators":[{"givenName":"Estefania Vergara","familyName":"Cobos","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank","affiliationIdentifier":" https:\/\/ror.org\/00ae7jd04","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":" https:\/\/ror.org"}]},{"givenName":"Selcen","familyName":"Cakir","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Turku, Department of Economics","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":" https:\/\/ror.org","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05vghhr25"}]},{"givenName":"Hagai Mei","familyName":"Zahav","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank","affiliationIdentifier":" https:\/\/ror.org\/00ae7jd04","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":" https:\/\/ror.org"}]}],"titles":[{"lang":"en","title":"Reproducibility package for Who Gains From Cybersecurity Preparedness? Evidence From Sectoral Growth"},{"title":"RR_WLD_2026_641","titleType":"Other"}],"publisher":"World Bank","publicationYear":"2026","types":{"resourceType":"Reproducibility package","resourceTypeGeneral":"Other"},"url":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/study\/RR_WLD_2026_641","language":"en"},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"},{"tag":"Open Code"},{"tag":"Open Data"}],"schematype":"script"}