{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DECDI","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2026-05-20","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"title_statement":{"idno":"RR_IND_2024_244","title":"Reproducibility package for Safety First: Perceived Risk of Street Harassment and Educational Choices of Women"},"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Girija Borker","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"gborker@worldbank.org"}],"production_date":"2026-05-20","abstract":"This paper examines the unequal impact of unsafe public spaces on women\u2019s human capital attainment through their choice of college. Combining survey data from students attending the University of Delhi, a mapping of actual and potential travel routes to all colleges in students\u2019 admission choice set, and mobile-application safety data from Delhi, I find that, relative to men with comparable choice sets, women choose colleges that are 20 percent lower in the college-quality distribution because of travel-safety concerns. These large effects have implications for other economic decisions, such as women\u2019s participation in the labor force.","geographic_units":[{"name":"India","code":"IND"}],"keywords":[{"name":"Gender"},{"name":"Transportation"},{"name":"Urban"},{"name":"College Choice"},{"name":"Violence"},{"name":"Sexual Harassment"},{"name":"Safety"}],"topics":[{"id":"J16","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":" Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination ","url":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","parent_id":"J1","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel"},{"id":"O18","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":" Economic Development: Urban, Rural, Regional, and Transportation Analysis; Housing; Infrastructure ","url":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","parent_id":"O1","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel"},{"id":"R41","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":" Transportation: Demand, Supply, and Congestion; Travel Time; Safety and Accidents; Transportation Noise ","url":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","parent_id":"R4","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel"}],"output":[{"type":"Working Paper","title":"Safety First: Perceived Risk of Street Harassment and Educational Choices of Women","description":"Policy Research Working Papers (PRWP)"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"license":[{"name":"MIT License","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/mit"},{"uri":"https:\/\/github.com\/worldbank\/metadata-editor\/blob\/main\/WB-IGO-RIDER.md","name":"World Bank IGO Rider"}],"disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","contacts":[{"name":"Girija Borker","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"gborker@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}],"data_statement":"Some data is restricted and has not been included in the reproducibility package. For more details, please refer to the README file.","datasets":[{"name":"Delhi University Students' Survey 2016, Safety First Project","note":"The dataset includes survey responses from Delhi University students, collected in 2016 for the Safety First project. It comprises detailed data from 3,948 students across eight colleges and a shorter survey from 32 other colleges. The survey covers demographics, travel patterns, academic performance, household characteristics, and female students' experiences with harassment. Detailed list of files can be found in the README. ","access_type":"Data access requires purchase or human approval and is not included in the reproducibility package.","license_uri":"https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/terms-of-use","uri":"https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/catalog\/8299","citation":"Borker, G. 2016. Delhi University Students' Survey 2016, Safety First Project [dataset]. World Bank, Development Data Group."},{"name":"Data for spatial analysis for Safety first project","note":"Author-constructed datasets combining student travel behavior, GIS processing, and simulated routing across Delhi, including route and safety measures, student shapefiles, bootstrap datasets, and safety surface grids. Detailed list of files can be found in the README. ","access_type":"Data is publicly available but not included in the reproducibility package due to file size constraints.","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)","license_uri":"https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/int\/public-licenses?fragment=cc","uri":"https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/search\/dataset\/0067060\/data-for-spatial-analysis-for-safety-first-project","citation":"Borker, G. 2026. \"Data for Spatial Analysis for Safety First Project\" [dataset]. World Bank Development Data Hub. https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/search\/dataset\/0067060\/data-for-spatial-analysis-for-safety-first-project."},{"name":"Delhi NCR SafetiPin Safety Audit Data ","note":"Data requested in October 2015 and received in April 2016. Contains 26,560 safety audits conducted between November 2013 and January 2016 across Delhi NCR. Each audit evaluates nine safety parameters (lighting, openness, visibility, crowd, security, walk path, public transport availability, gender usage, and feeling), each scored 0\u20133. Includes a composite safety measure (PCA_SAF) constructed using principal component analysis. Three files: (1) audit_withdist.dta \u2014 safety audit data with associated postal district; (2) SafetiPin_NCR_audits.dta \u2014 audit scores with time and location, limited to NCR; (3) Safetipin\/Safety data\/Audits_formap_2017-04-09.shp \u2014 geocoded shapefile of audit locations. To request access, email Rithvika Rajiv at rithvika.rajiv@safetipin.com. A Data User Agreement is signed before data is shared. ","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","license_uri":"https:\/\/safetipin.com\/site\/termsConditions\/","uri":"https:\/\/safetipin.com\/","citation":"SafetiPin. 2016. \"Delhi NCR SafetiPin Safety Audit Data\" [dataset]. Unpublished data. Accessed April 2016."},{"name":"University of Delhi Cut-off Lists, 2013\u20132015","note":"Admission cut-off lists for Arts & Commerce and Science bachelor programs from 2013 to 2015. 72 individual cut-off list files located in data\/raw\/cutoffs\/. See the README references section for individual URLs for each cut-off list.","access_type":"Data is publicly available but does not allow redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.duac.duf.du.ac.in\/terms","uri":"https:\/\/www.du.ac.in\/","citation":"University of Delhi. 2013\u20132015. \"Cut-off Lists for Arts & Commerce and Science\" [dataset]. https:\/\/www.du.ac.in\/. Accessed April 2016."},{"name":"India Today Annual College Rankings, 2013\u20132015","note":"Annual college rankings published by India Today for 2013 (https:\/\/www.indiatoday.in\/bestcolleges\/2013), 2014 (https:\/\/www.indiatoday.in\/bestcolleges\/2014), and 2015 (https:\/\/www.indiatoday.in\/bestcolleges\/2015). File location: data\/raw\/ranking_india_today.xlsx.","access_type":"Data is publicly available but does not allow redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","license_uri":"https:\/\/specials.indiatoday.com\/common\/termsandconditions.phtml","uri":"https:\/\/www.indiatoday.in\/bestcolleges","citation":"India Today. 2013\u20132015. \"India Today Annual College Rankings\" [dataset]. https:\/\/www.indiatoday.in\/bestcolleges\/. Accessed July 2015."},{"name":"The Week Annual College Rankings, 2013\u20132015","note":"Annual college rankings published by The Week for 2013, 2014, and 2015. The original links are no longer available. Detailed instructions on data compilation are included in the README. File location: data\/raw\/ranking_the_week.xlsx.","access_type":"Data is publicly available but does not allow redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.theweek.in\/terms-and-conditions.html","uri":"https:\/\/www.theweek.in\/","citation":"The Week. 2013\u20132015. \"The Week Annual College Rankings\" [dataset]. https:\/\/www.theweek.in\/. Accessed June 2018."},{"name":"Delhi NCR ML Infomap Boundary Shapefiles ","note":"Three boundary shapefiles for Delhi NCR purchased from ML Infomap in April 2026: (1) NCR_boundary_Project.shp \u2014 administrative boundary for Delhi NCR; (2) NCR_PINCODE_Project.shp \u2014 pincode boundaries for Delhi NCR; (3) Delhi_NCT_pincodes.shp \u2014 pincode boundaries for Delhi NCT. To request access, use the ML Infomap contact page (https:\/\/www.mlinfomap.com\/contact.php) and request the respective boundary files.","access_type":"Data access requires purchase or human approval and is not included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Proprietary","uri":"https:\/\/www.mlinfomap.com\/contact.php","citation":"ML Infomap. 2026. \"Boundary Shapefiles for Delhi NCR\" [dataset]. https:\/\/www.mlinfomap.com\/. Purchased April 2026."},{"note":"Data extracted from Table on page 84, Under-Graduate columns, of the University of Delhi Annual Report 2015\u201316 (https:\/\/www.du.ac.in\/uploads\/annual-reports\/25102017_93_Part_2.pdf.pdf). File location: data\/raw\/college_enrollment.dta.","name":"University of Delhi College Enrollment Data","access_type":"Data is publicly available but does not allow redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","uri":"https:\/\/www.du.ac.in\/uploads\/annual-reports\/25102017_93_Part_2.pdf.pdf","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.duac.duf.du.ac.in\/terms","citation":"University of Delhi. 2016. \"University of Delhi Annual Report 2015\u201316\" [dataset]. https:\/\/www.du.ac.in\/uploads\/annual-reports\/25102017_93_Part_2.pdf. Accessed April 2016."},{"note":"Data extracted from tables on pages 460, 481, and 524 of the University of Delhi Annual Report 2013\u201314 (https:\/\/www.du.ac.in\/uploads\/annual-reports\/22052015_91st_Annual_Report.pdf.pdf). File location: data\/raw\/du_course_enrollment.dta.\n ","name":"University of Delhi Course Enrollment Data","access_type":"Data is publicly available but does not allow redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.duac.duf.du.ac.in\/terms","citation":"University of Delhi. 2014. \"University of Delhi Annual Report 2013\u201314\" [dataset]. https:\/\/www.du.ac.in\/uploads\/annual-reports\/22052015_91st_Annual_Report.pdf.pdf. Accessed April 2016.\n","uri":"https:\/\/www.du.ac.in\/uploads\/annual-reports\/22052015_91st_Annual_Report.pdf.pdf"},{"access_type":"Data is publicly available but does not allow redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","note":"Data extracted from table on page 444 of the University of Delhi Annual Report 2013\u201314 (https:\/\/www.du.ac.in\/uploads\/annual-reports\/22052015_91st_Annual_Report.pdf.pdf). File location: data\/raw\/student_pop_bygender.csv.","name":"University of Delhi Student Population by Gender Data","uri":"https:\/\/www.du.ac.in\/uploads\/annual-reports\/22052015_91st_Annual_Report.pdf.pdf","citation":"University of Delhi. 2014. \"University of Delhi Annual Report 2013\u201314\" [dataset]. https:\/\/www.du.ac.in\/uploads\/annual-reports\/22052015_91st_Annual_Report.pdf.pdf. Accessed April 2016.","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.duac.duf.du.ac.in\/terms"},{"name":"National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) \u2013 Crime Against Women and Census Data, 2013","note":"Author-compiled dataset combining data from three sources: (1) NCRB District-wise Women (IPC) Cases 2001\u20132013 (https:\/\/www.ncrb.gov.in\/uploads\/2022\/July\/11\/custom\/crime-in-india\/4-DistrictWise-Women(IPC)-Cases-ring-2001-2013.pdf); (2) NCRB Crime in India Table 1.14, 2013 (https:\/\/www.ncrb.gov.in\/uploads\/2022\/July\/11\/custom\/crime-in-india\/Table1.14_2013.pdf); (3) Census of India (https:\/\/censusindia.gov.in\/census.website\/data\/census-tables#). See the README for detailed instructions on how to construct this file. File location: data\/raw\/NCRB_rape_2013.xlsx.\n","access_type":"Data is publicly available but does not allow redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.ncrb.gov.in\/copyright-statement","citation":"Authors' compilation. 2016. \"NCRB Crime Against Women and Census Data, 2013\" [dataset]. Based on National Crime Records Bureau (2013) and Census of India. Accessed April 2016."},{"note":"Three author-constructed shapefiles geocoded manually using Google Maps, supplemented with size data from the University of Delhi Annual Report 2013\u201314 (page S-1, column 'Total Undergraduate Students'). Not included due to the Terms and Conditions of Google Maps (https:\/\/www.google.com\/help\/terms_maps\/) and the University of Delhi platforms (https:\/\/www.duac.duf.du.ac.in\/terms). (1) CollegeLocations_final_1 \u2014 all Delhi University colleges ; (2) coll_loc_insample_Withsize \u2014 eight colleges in the sample; (3) coll_loc_shortsurvey_withsize \u2014 colleges in the short survey. Refer to the README for detailed compilation instructions. File locations: Safetipin\/ArcGIS\/.\n","name":"College Location Shapefiles \u2013 Google Maps and University of Delhi","access_type":"Data is publicly available but does not allow redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.google.com\/help\/terms_maps\/","citation":"Authors' compilation. 2016. \"College Location Shapefiles\" [dataset]. Geocoded using Google Maps. Size data from University of Delhi Annual Report 2013\u201314. https:\/\/www.du.ac.in\/uploads\/annual-reports\/22052015_91st_Annual_Report.pdf.pdf."}],"software":[{"name":"Stata","version":"18.0 MP"},{"name":"ArcGIS Pro","version":"3.5.3"},{"name":"Matlab","version":"2024b"}],"scripts":[{"file_name":"RR_IND_2024_244","zip_package":"RR_IND_2024_244.zip","title":"Reproducibility package for Safety First: Perceived Risk of Street Harassment and Educational Choices of Women","date":"2026-05","dependencies":"Stata dependencies are listed in the ado folder.","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank."}],"repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"reproduction_instructions":"To reproduce the findings in this paper, a replicator must:\n1. **Secure Access to Data:** Access the datasets not included in the package. See the Datasets section for more details.\n2. **Run the Package:**\n  - Update the working directory in line 26 of the do-file \"master_1.do\", and run it.\n  - Run \"master_2.m\" in Matlab.\n  - Update the working directory in line 26 of the do-file \"master_1.do\", and run it.\n\nSince all the data is not included, the package includes the results produced by replicators. These files can be used to review the results presented in the paper.","technology_requirements":"Run time: ~  20 days","technology_environment":"Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:\n\u2022 OS: Windows 11 Enterprise\n\u2022 Processor: INTEL(R) XEON(R) PLATINUM 8562Y+ 2.80 GHz (2 processors)\n\u2022 Memory available: 32.0 GB"},"datacite":{"creators":[{"nameType":"Personal","givenName":"Girija","familyName":"Borker","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ae7jd04","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]}],"titles":[{"title":"Reproducibility package for Safety First: Perceived Risk of Street Harassment and Educational Choices of Women","lang":"en"},{"title":"RR_IND_2024_244","titleType":"Other"}],"publisher":"World Bank","publicationYear":"2026","types":{"resourceType":"Reproducibility package","resourceTypeGeneral":"Other"},"url":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/study\/RR_IND_2024_244","language":"en"},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"},{"tag":"Open Code"},{"tag":"Restricted Data"}],"schematype":"script"}