{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DECDI","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2026-05-21","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Dominik Kohler","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"dkoehler1@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Mariah Rafaela Cordeiro Gonzaga da Silva","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"mcordeirogonzaga@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Andrew Flores","affiliation":"American University","email":"aflores@american.edu"},{"name":"Fernanda Fortes de Lena","affiliation":"Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona","email":"ffortes@ced.uab.es"},{"name":"Samuel Ara\u00fajo Gomes da Silva","affiliation":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz","email":"samuel@institutomatizes.com.br"},{"name":"Ana Maria Hermeto Camilo de Oliveira","affiliation":"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais","email":"ahermeto@cedeplar.ufmg.br"},{"name":"Lucas Bulgarelli","affiliation":"Instituto Matizes","email":"lucas@institutomatizes.com.br"}],"title_statement":{"title":"Reproducibility package for the Economic Cost of Exclusion Based On Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Expression, and Sex Characteristics in the Labor Market in Brazil","idno":"FR_BRA_2026_612"},"data_statement":"Some data is not yet publicly available, but is expected to be made available through the World Bank Microdata Library in the future.","software":[{"name":"Stata","version":"19.0 MP"}],"scripts":[{"title":"Reproducibility package for The Economic Cost Of Exclusion \nBased On Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity And Expression, And Sex Characteristics In The Labor Market In Brazil","date":"2026-05","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.","instructions":"See README in reproducibility package.","file_name":"FR_BRA_2026_612","zip_package":"FR_BRA_2026_612.zip","dependencies":"The package does not have external dependencies."}],"repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"production_date":"2026-05-21","abstract":"The Economic Cost of Exclusion Based on Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Expression, and Sex Characteristics in the Labor Market in Brazil estimates the economic and fiscal impacts of SOGIESC-based exclusion in Brazil through a mixed-methods approach. Combining a large-scale purposive survey of over 11,000 LGBTI+ individuals with qualitative focus groups across multiple regions, the study develops two complementary models to quantify losses associated with wage penalties, higher unemployment, and labor force inactivity, as well as corresponding fiscal impacts. The findings reveal that LGBTI+ individuals face significantly higher unemployment (15.2% vs. 7.7%) and labor market exclusion, particularly among transgender, non-binary, and intersex populations. These disparities translate into substantial economic losses estimated at R$94.4 billion annually (approximately 0.8% of GDP), alongside fiscal losses of R$14.6 billion per year. The results demonstrate that discrimination not only undermines individual wellbeing but also reduces productivity, human capital accumulation, and overall economic performance. The study contributes new empirical evidence to inform policy, emphasizing that reducing exclusion is not only a matter of rights but also a critical pathway to enhancing inclusive growth and labor market efficiency in Brazil.","geographic_units":[{"name":"Brazil","code":"BRA"}],"keywords":[{"name":"Sogiesc"},{"name":"Labor Market Discrimination"},{"name":"Economic Cost Of Exclusion"}],"topics":[{"id":"J15","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Economics of Minorities, Races, Indigenous Peoples, and Immigrants \u2022 Non-labor Discrimination","parent_id":"J1"},{"id":" J71","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Discrimination","parent_id":"J7"},{"id":" J21","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure","parent_id":"J2"},{"id":" J31","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Wage Level and Structure \u2022 Wage Differentials","parent_id":"J3"}],"output":[{"title":"The Economic Cost Of Exclusion \nBased On Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity And Expression, And Sex Characteristics In The Labor Market In Brazil"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"technology_requirements":"Run time: ~2 minutes","disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"MIT License","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/mit"},{"name":"World Bank IGO Rider","uri":"https:\/\/github.com\/worldbank\/metadata-editor\/blob\/main\/WB-IGO-RIDER.md"}],"contacts":[{"name":"Dominik Kohler","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"dkoehler1@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}],"datasets":[{"name":"Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domic\u00edlios Cont\u00ednua (PNAD Cont\u00ednua) \u2013 Microdados, Visita 1, 2024","note":"Source: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat\u00edstica (IBGE). To access: navigate to \"visita_1\" \u2192 Dados and download PNADC_2024_visita1_20251119.zip. Extract pnadc_2024_1.txt and place it in Data\/raw\/. File location: Data\/raw\/PNADC_2024_visita1.txt.","access_type":"Data is publicly available but does not allow redistribution and is not included in the reproducibility package.","uri":"https:\/\/www.ibge.gov.br\/estatisticas\/downloads-estatisticas.html?caminho=Trabalho_e_Rendimento\/Pesquisa_Nacional_por_Amostra_de_Domicilios_continua\/Anual\/Microdados\/Visita","citation":"Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat\u00edstica (IBGE). 2024. Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domic\u00edlios Cont\u00ednua (PNAD Cont\u00ednua) \u2013 Microdados, Visita 1 [dataset]. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE. https:\/\/www.ibge.gov.br\/estatisticas\/downloads-estatisticas.html?caminho=Trabalho_e_Rendimento\/Pesquisa_Nacional_por_Amostra_de_Domicilios_continua\/Anual\/Microdados\/Visita","license":"Custom License","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.ibge.gov.br\/acesso-informacao\/institucional\/termos-de-uso.html"},{"name":"Economic Cost of Exclusion (ECoE) Survey \u2013 Brazil","note":"Source: World Bank \u2013 Economic Cost of Exclusion (ECoE) Survey, Brazil. This dataset is not yet publicly available. It will be deposited in the World Bank Microdata Library. File location: Data\/raw\/ecoebr_final_decodificado.dta.","access_type":"Data is forthcoming in the World Bank Microdata Library.","citation":"World Bank. (Forthcoming). Economic Cost of Exclusion (ECoE) Survey \u2013 Brazil [dataset]. Forthcoming at: https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/","uri":"Forthcoming at: https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/"}],"reproduction_instructions":"To reproduce the findings in this paper, follow these steps:\n\n1. **Download the data** and place each file in the appropriate folder. See the `Data` section for details on sources, access instructions, and required file locations.\n2. **Set the working path** in the `00_master` do-file and run the code.\nSince the data cannot be included in the reproducibility package, the package provides the outputs generated by the replicators in the `Outputs\/` folder. These can be used to verify results against the published report.","technology_environment":"Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:\n\u2022 OS: MacOS\n\u2022 Chip: Apple M4 Pro\n\u2022 Memory available: 24 GB\n"},"datacite":{"creators":[{"givenName":"Dominik","familyName":"Kohler","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ae7jd04","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]},{"givenName":"Mariah Rafaela Cordeiro Gonzaga da","familyName":"Silva","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ae7jd04","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]},{"givenName":"Andrew","familyName":"Flores","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"American University","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/052w4zt36","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]},{"givenName":"Fernanda Fortes de","familyName":"Lena","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/052g8jq94","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]},{"givenName":"Samuel Ara\u00fajo Gomes da","familyName":"Silva","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04jhswv08","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]},{"givenName":"Ana Maria Hermeto Camilo de","familyName":"Oliveira","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0176yjw32","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]},{"givenName":"Lucas","familyName":"Bulgarelli","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Matizes","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]}],"titles":[{"lang":"en","title":"Reproducibility package for The Economic Cost Of Exclusion \nBased On Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity And Expression, And Sex Characteristics In The Labor Market In Brazil"},{"title":"FR_BRA_2026_612","titleType":"Other"}],"publisher":"World Bank","publicationYear":"2026","types":{"resourceType":"Reproducibility package","resourceTypeGeneral":"Other"},"url":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/study\/FR_BRA_2026_612","language":"en"},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"},{"tag":"Forthcoming Data"},{"tag":"Open Code"},{"tag":"Open Data"}],"schematype":"script"}