{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DECDI","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2026-05-18","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Hyunseok Kim","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"hkim34@worldbank.org"}],"title_statement":{"title":"Reproducibility package for Transportation Infrastructure And Total Factor Productivity: Development Heterogeneity And Resilience Under Adverse Shocks","idno":"RR_WLD_2026_647"},"data_statement":"Some data is limited-access and has not been included in the reproducibility package. For more details, refer to the README file.","software":[{"name":"Stata","version":"19.5 MP"}],"scripts":[{"title":"Reproducibility package for Transportation Infrastructure And Total Factor Productivity: Development Heterogeneity And Resilience Under Adverse Shocks","date":"2026-05","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.","instructions":"See README in reproducibility package.","file_name":"RR_WLD_2026_647","zip_package":"RR_WLD_2026_647.zip","dependencies":"Stata dependencies are listed in the ado folder."}],"repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"production_date":"2026-05-18","abstract":"Weak total factor productivity (TFP) growth has become a central concern in explaining sluggish growth performance, particularly in emerging-market and low-income economies. At the same time, constrained fiscal and investment conditions have increased the importance of using scarce public resources effectively. These conditions make it important to investigate, from a cross-country perspective, what is associated with productivity performance and what shapes productivity losses during adverse shocks. The paper examines this issue along two margins: a structural margin focused on transportation infrastructure, a public-investment-intensive form of capital that may enhance productive efficiency, and a resilience margin through which governance and infrastructure may shape the productivity costs of adverse shocks. Using annual cross-country panel data for more than 100 countries and a dynamic panel system GMM framework, the analysis finds that transportation infrastructure is positively associated with TFP, with larger estimated payoffs in lower-income countries. Severe crises are associated with larger productivity losses in poorer economies, but stronger rule of law and political stability are linked to smaller losses in the lowest-income quartile. Road infrastructure is also associated with smaller productivity losses during moderate downturns. The findings suggest that the productivity relevance of transportation infrastructure is greater where development constraints are more binding, while governance and infrastructure shape productivity costs during adverse episodes.","geographic_units":[{"name":"World","code":"WLD"}],"keywords":[{"name":"Transportation Infrastructure"},{"name":"Total Factor Productivity"},{"name":"Governance"},{"name":"Crisis Resilience"},{"name":"Development Heterogeneity"}],"topics":[{"id":"O47","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Empirical Studies of Economic Growth \u2022 Aggregate Productivity \u2022 Cross-Country Output Convergence","parent_id":"O4"},{"id":" H54","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Infrastructures \u2022 Other Public Investment and Capital Stock","parent_id":"H5"},{"id":" O43","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Institutions and Growth","parent_id":"O4"},{"id":" C23","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Panel Data Models \u2022 Spatio-temporal Models","parent_id":"C2"}],"output":[{"type":"Working Paper","description":"Policy Research Working Papers (PRWP)","title":"Transportation Infrastructure And Total Factor Productivity: Development Heterogeneity And Resilience Under Adverse Shocks"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"technology_requirements":"Run time: ~5 minutes","disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"MIT License","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/mit"},{"name":"World Bank IGO Rider","uri":"https:\/\/github.com\/worldbank\/metadata-editor\/blob\/main\/WB-IGO-RIDER.md"}],"contacts":[{"name":"Hyunseok Kim","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"hkim34@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}],"datasets":[{"name":"World Development Indicators","note":"Data accessed in April 2026. File location: data\\data_raw. Filenames: API_NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG_DS2_en_excel_v2_675.xls, API_NY.GDP.PCAP.KD.ZG_DS2_en_excel_v2_674.xls, API_NE.TRD.GNFS.ZS_DS2_en_excel_v2_731.xls and API_9_DS2_en_excel_v2_12617.xls . Indicators used: GDP growth (annual %), GDP per capita growth (annual %), Trade (% of GDP), Rail lines (total route-km) and Road infrastructure","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0)","license_uri":"https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/public-licenses","uri":"https:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/source\/world-development-indicators","citation":"World Bank. 2026. World Development Indicators [dataset]. Indicators accessed: GDP growth (annual %), GDP per capita growth (annual %), Trade (% of GDP), Rail lines (total route-km), Road infrastructure. https:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/source\/world-development-indicators. Accessed April 2026."},{"name":"Penn World Table 11.0","note":"Data accessed in Novemeber 2025. File location: data\\data_raw\\pwt110.dta. Indicators used: Total Factor Productivity (TFP) and population. ","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","uri":"https:\/\/www.rug.nl\/ggdc\/productivity\/pwt\/","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0)","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/","citation":"Feenstra, Robert C., Robert Inklaar and Marcel P. Timmer. 2025. Penn World Table 11.0 [dataset]. www.ggdc.net\/pwt. Accessed November 2025"},{"name":"World Economic Outlook Database","note":"April 2025 Edition. Data accessed in April 2026. File location: data\\data_raw\\weoapr2025all.xls. Indicators used: GDP per capita and Inflation.","uri":"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/publications\/weo\/weo-database\/2025\/april","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/about\/copyright-and-terms","license":"IMF Copyright and Usage","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"International Monetary Fund. 2025. World Economic Outlook Database: April 2025 Edition [dataset]. https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/publications\/weo\/weo-database\/2025\/april. Accessed April 2026."},{"name":" Worldwide Governance Indicators","note":" (2025 Revision). Data accessed in April 2026. File location: data\\data_raw\\wgidataset_with_sourcedata-2025.xlsx. Six dimensions are used: Government Effectiveness, Regulatory Quality, Rule of Law, Control of Corruption, Voice and Accountability, and Political Stability and Absence of Violence\/Terrorism. ","citation":"World Bank. 2025. Worldwide Governance Indicators (2025 Revision) [dataset]. www.govindicators.org. Accessed April 2026.","uri":"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/publication\/worldwide-governance-indicators","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)","license_uri":"https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/public-licenses?fragment=cc"},{"name":"World Road Statistics ","note":"Data accessed in March 2026. File location: data\\data_raw. Filenames: IRF_WRS_2000_2020.xlsx and IRF_WRS_2018_2023.csv. Indicator used: Road network length. Access information: For the period 2000\u20132020, IRF WRS data were accessed through a subscription held by the World Bank Library. From 2021 onwards, updated IRF WRS releases are publicly available to registered users under the IRF terms of use. The IRF_WRS_2018_2023.csv data file can be retrieved as follows. From the newly given URL, select \u201cCountry Comparison (multiple years)\u201d under \u201cSelect a chart type,\u201d then choose all continents and countries, with Theme: \u201cRoad Network\u201d and Metric: \u201cTotal Road Network \u2013 All Road Types \u2013 Total (km).\u201d After generating the chart, the data can be downloaded using the options available in the upper-right corner of the chart interface. Years: (2000-2023)","license":"IRF World Road Statistics (WRS) Terms and Conditions","access_type":"Data access requires purchase or human approval and is not included in the reproducibility package.","license_uri":"https:\/\/worldroadstatistics.org\/general-terms-conditions\/","uri":"https:\/\/datawarehouse.worldroadstatistics.org\/  ","citation":"International Road Federation (IRF). 2024.  World Road Statistics (2000-2023) [dataset]https:\/\/datawarehouse.worldroadstatistics.org\/. Accessed March 2026."}],"reproduction_instructions":"To reproduce the findings in this paper, a replicator must:\n1. **Secure Access to Data:** Access the datasets not included in the package. See the Datasets section for more details.\n2. **Run the Package:** Update the working directory in line 16 of the do-file `00_master`, and run it.\n\nSince some of the original data cannot be redistributed, the package includes the outputs produced by the authors, which can be used to review the results presented in the paper.","technology_environment":"Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:\n\u2022 OS: Windows 11 Enterprise\n\u2022 Processor: Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 5218 CPU @ 2.30GHz (2.30 GHz) (2 processors)\n\u2022 Memory available: 8.15 GB\n\u2022 Software version: Stata 19.5 MP"},"datacite":{"creators":[{"givenName":"Hyunseok","familyName":"Kim","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ae7jd04","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org\/"}]}],"titles":[{"lang":"en","title":"Reproducibility package for Transportation Infrastructure And Total Factor Productivity: Development Heterogeneity And Resilience Under Adverse Shocks"},{"title":"RR_WLD_2026_647","titleType":"Other"}],"publisher":"World Bank","publicationYear":"2026","types":{"resourceType":"Reproducibility package","resourceTypeGeneral":"Other"},"url":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/study\/RR_WLD_2026_647","language":"en"},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"},{"tag":"Limited-access data"},{"tag":"Open Code"}],"schematype":"script"}