{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DECDI","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2026-05-27","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Ben James Brunckhorst","affiliation":"World Bank Group","email":"bbrunckhorst@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Minh Cong Nguy\u1ec5n","affiliation":"World Bank Group","email":"mnguyen3@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Nishant Yonzan","affiliation":"World Bank Group","email":"nyonzan@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Hai-Anh Dang","affiliation":"World Bank Group","email":"hdang@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Christoph Lakner","affiliation":"World Bank Group","email":"clakner@worldbank.org"}],"title_statement":{"title":"Reproducibility package for Fusing Data Sources To Measure Multidimensional Poverty","idno":"RR_WLD_2026_657"},"software":[{"name":"R","version":"4.5.2"},{"name":"Excel"}],"scripts":[{"title":"Reproducibility package for Fusing Data Sources To Measure Multidimensional Poverty","date":"2026-05","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.","instructions":"See README in reproducibility package.","file_name":"RR_WLD_2026_657","zip_package":"RR_WLD_2026_657.zip","dependencies":"R dependencies are listed in the file renv.lock."}],"repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"production_date":"2026-05-27","abstract":"Multidimensional poverty metrics offer a more complete picture of poverty than monetary poverty, yet their adoption has been limited by data constraints. Often not all dimensions in a multidimensional measure are observed in the same survey, leading to countries being excluded from global measures. This study introduces a novel data fusion approach to estimate multidimensional poverty metrics by combining summary statistics from multiple data sources. The proposed method is validated by simulating typical missing data scenarios using 571 household surveys from 112 countries (1989\u20132024) to estimate the World Bank\u2019s Multidimensional Poverty Measure. The fusion method accurately predicts various multidimensional poverty metrics across these scenarios, even in the presence of simulated sample bias reflecting differences in survey design. It enables estimates of multidimensional poverty for a greater number of countries, gap-filling in time series, and the inclusion of previously unavailable indicators and dimensions in global multidimensional poverty measures.","geographic_units":[{"name":"World","code":"WLD"}],"keywords":[{"name":"Welfare Measurement"},{"name":"Multidimensional Poverty"},{"name":"Missing Data"},{"name":"Data Fusion"},{"name":"Conditional Independence"},{"name":"Joint Distribution"}],"topics":[{"id":"I32","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Measurement and Analysis of Poverty","parent_id":"I3"},{"id":" C81","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Microeconomic Data \u2022 Data Access","parent_id":"C8"},{"id":" C82","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Macroeconomic Data \u2022 Data Access","parent_id":"C8"},{"id":" C13","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Estimation: General","parent_id":"C1"}],"output":[{"type":"Working Paper","description":"Policy Research Working Papers (PRWP)","title":"Fusing Data Sources To Measure Multidimensional Poverty"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"technology_requirements":"Run time: 13 hours","disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"MIT License","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/mit"},{"name":"World Bank IGO Rider","uri":"https:\/\/github.com\/worldbank\/metadata-editor\/blob\/main\/WB-IGO-RIDER.md"}],"contacts":[{"name":"Ben James Brunckhorst","affiliation":"World Bank Group","email":"bbrunckhorst@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}],"reproduction_instructions":"To reproduce the findings in this paper, a replicator must:\n1. **Secure Access to Data:** Access the datasets not included in the package. See the Datasets section for more details.\n2. **Run the Package:** Update the working directory in line 10 of the R file `main`, and run it.\n\nSince the original data cannot be redistributed, the package includes the outputs produced by the replicators, which can be used to review the results presented in the paper.","technology_environment":"Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:\n\u2022 OS: Windows 11 Enterprise\n\u2022 Processor: Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 6226R CPU @ 2.90GHz (2.90 GHz) (2 processors)\n\u2022 Memory available: 16.0 GB","datasets":[{"note":"Source: The intermediate dataset that is the starting point for this reproducibility package was constructed by the authors. The code that documents the dataset construction from the source data, and the is available to World Bank staff through the World Bank's Development Data Hub. The data includes the population group level (national, rural\/urban, quintile, subnational) joint distribution of multidimensional poverty indicators. \nAccess date: 27 August 2025.\nFilename and location: data\/Survey_mpm_groups_true.dta","uri":"https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/int\/data\/dataset\/0067094\/multidimensional_poverty_group_statistics","name":"Multidimensional poverty group statistics","citation":"World Bank. 2025. Multidimensional poverty group statistics [dataset]. https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/int\/data\/dataset\/0067094\/multidimensional_poverty_group_statistics. Accessed August 2025.","access_type":"Data access requires purchase or human approval and is not included in the reproducibility package.","license":"License Not Applicable (AMS 6.21A)","license_uri":"https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/int\/public-licenses"}],"data_statement":"All data is limited-access and has not been included in the reproducibility package. For more details, refer to the README file."},"datacite":{"creators":[{"givenName":"Ben James","familyName":"Brunckhorst","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank Group","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02md09461","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]},{"givenName":"Minh Cong","familyName":"Nguy\u1ec5n","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank Group","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02md09461","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]},{"givenName":"Nishant","familyName":"Yonzan","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank Group","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02md09461","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]},{"givenName":"Hai-Anh","familyName":"Dang","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank Group","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02md09461","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]},{"givenName":"Christoph","familyName":"Lakner","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank Group","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02md09461","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]}],"titles":[{"lang":"en","title":"Reproducibility package for Fusing Data Sources To Measure Multidimensional Poverty"},{"title":"RR_WLD_2026_657","titleType":"Other"}],"publisher":"World Bank","publicationYear":"2026","types":{"resourceType":"Reproducibility package","resourceTypeGeneral":"Other"},"url":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/study\/RR_WLD_2026_657","language":"en"},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"},{"tag":"Open Code"},{"tag":"Restricted Data"}],"schematype":"script"}