{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DECDI","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2026-05-26","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Jose Luis Diaz Sanchez","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"jdiazsanchez@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Mijiddorj Lkhagvasuren","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"mlkhagvasuren1@worldbank.org"}],"title_statement":{"title":"Reproducibility package for Beyond The Urban Sweet Spot: Firm-Level Evidence Of Over-Agglomeration In Mongolia\u2019s Capital","idno":"RR_MNG_2026_637"},"data_statement":"Some data is restricted and has not been included in the reproducibility package. For more details, refer to the README file.\n","software":[{"name":"R","version":"4.5.1"}],"scripts":[{"title":"Reproducibility package for Beyond The Urban Sweet Spot: Firm-Level Evidence Of Over-Agglomeration In Mongolia\u2019s Capital","date":"2026-05","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.","instructions":"See README in reproducibility package.","file_name":"RR_MNG_2026_637","zip_package":"RR_MNG_2026_637.zip","dependencies":"R dependencies are listed in the file renv.lock."}],"repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"production_date":"2026-05-26","abstract":"This paper provides the first firm-level assessment of agglomeration economies in Mongolia, focusing on Ulaanbaatar, the country\u2019s dominant urban center. Using data from the 2021 Enterprise Census, we\nestimate total factor productivity (TFP) for a large sample of enterprises and examine its relationship with localization, urban diversity, and peer productivity. The results indicate robust positive agglomeration\neffects, alongside suggestive evidence of diminishing returns to localization consistent with an inverted U-shaped pattern. These nonlinearities are most apparent in Ulaanbaatar and in manufacturing, although they prove sensitive to alternative agglomeration and productivity measures. While the cross-sectional nature of the data limits causal inference, the analysis offers new micro-level evidence on how\nspatial concentration interacts with congestion, infrastructure strain, and potential spatial misallocation. The findings underscore the importance of urban planning, infrastructure investment, and the development of regional hubs to sustain productivity growth in Mongolia\u2019s highly concentrated urban system, with implications for diversification beyond mining.","geographic_units":[{"name":"Mongolia","code":"MNG"}],"keywords":[{"name":"Clusters"},{"name":"Localization Economies"},{"name":"Spatial Concentration"},{"name":"Productivity"}],"topics":[{"id":"C23","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Panel Data Models \u2022 Spatio-temporal Models","parent_id":"C2"},{"id":" R10","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"General","parent_id":"R1"},{"id":" R11","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, Environmental Issues, and Changes","parent_id":"R1"},{"id":" R12","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity","parent_id":"R1"},{"id":" R15","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Econometric and Input\u2013Output Models \u2022 Other Models","parent_id":"R1"}],"output":[{"type":"Working Paper","description":"Policy Research Working Papers (PRWP)","title":"Beyond The Urban Sweet Spot: Firm-Level Evidence Of Over-Agglomeration In Mongolia\u2019s Capital"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"technology_requirements":"Runtime: ~5 minutes.","disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"MIT License","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/mit"},{"name":"World Bank IGO Rider","uri":"https:\/\/github.com\/worldbank\/metadata-editor\/blob\/main\/WB-IGO-RIDER.md"}],"contacts":[{"name":"Jose Luis Diaz Sanchez","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"jdiazsanchez@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}],"datasets":[{"name":"Enterprise Census of Mongolia 2021","note":"Source: National Statistics Office (NSO) of Mongolia.\nAccess date: February 2025.\nFile location: data\/Data_AANT2021.sav.","access_type":"Data is publicly available but does not allow redistribution and is not included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Custom license","uri":"https:\/\/nada.nso.mn\/mn\/index.php\/catalog\/AANBT\/","citation":"National Statistics Office (NSO) of Mongolia. 2021. \"Enterprise Census of Mongolia\" [dataset]. Accessed February 2025. https:\/\/nada.nso.mn\/mn\/index.php\/catalog\/AANBT\/"},{"name":"Enterprise Census of Mongolia (2021) \u2013 Ulaanbaatar District-Level Identifier","note":"Source: National Statistics Office (NSO) of Mongolia.\nAccess date: March 2025.\nFile location: data\/AANT1_UB_Dist_Soumcode.sav.\nDescription: Contains Ulaanbaatar city district-level identifiers (Soum_code) disaggregating it into 9 districts.","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners\/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and is not included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Custom license","citation":"National Statistics Office (NSO) of Mongolia. 2025. \"Ulaanbaatar District-Level Identifier for Enterprise Census 2021\" [dataset]. Accessed March 2025."},{"name":"Administrative Boundaries \u2013 Mongolia (Levels 0\u20132)","note":"Source: National Statistical Office of Mongolia, obtained through the Humanitarian Data Exchange (HDX).\nAccess date: March 2025.\nFile location: data\/mng-administrative-divisions-shapefiles\/.\nDescription: Contains shapefiles at Level 0 (country), Level 1 (aimag), and Level 2 (soum).","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Creative Commons Attribution for Intergovernmental Organisations (CC BY-IGO)","uri":"https:\/\/data.humdata.org\/dataset\/cod-ab-mng","citation":"National Statistical Office of Mongolia. 2020. \"Mongolia Administrative Boundaries\" [dataset]. Accessed March 2025. https:\/\/data.humdata.org\/dataset\/cod-ab-mng","license_uri":"https:\/\/data.humdata.org\/faqs\/licenses"},{"name":"Administrative Boundaries \u2013 Mongolia (Level 3)","note":"Source: Christopher M. Free, personal site.\nAccess date: March 2025.\nFile location: data\/ulaanbaatar_mongolian.kmz.\nDescription: Contains Level 3 (bag\/khoroo) boundaries for Ulaanbaatar. Used for illustrative purposes only.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Custom license","uri":"https:\/\/chrismfree.com\/mongolia-gis-data\/","citation":"Free, Christopher M. 2025. \"Mongolia GIS Data \u2013 Ulaanbaatar Level 3 Boundaries\" [dataset]. Accessed March 2025. https:\/\/chrismfree.com\/mongolia-gis-data\/"},{"name":"High Resolution Population Data","note":"Source: AI for Good at Meta and Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University, obtained through the Humanitarian Data Exchange (HDX).\nAccess date: March 2025.\nFile location: data\/population_mng_2018-10-01.csv.\nDescription: Population estimates at 30-meter spatial resolution. Used for illustrative purposes only (Figure 2).","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Creative Commons Attribution International (CC BY)","uri":"https:\/\/data.humdata.org\/dataset\/mongolia-high-resolution-population-density-maps-demographic-estimates","citation":"Meta AI for Good. 2018. \"High Resolution Population Density Maps \u2013 Mongolia\" [dataset]. Accessed March 2025. https:\/\/ai.meta.com\/ai-for-good\/datasets\/high-resolution-population-density-maps\/","license_uri":"https:\/\/data.humdata.org\/faqs\/licenses"},{"name":"Mongolia Time Use Survey, 2011 and 2023","note":"Source: National Statistics Office (NSO) of Mongolia.\nYears: 2011 and 2023.\nAccess date: March 2025.\nFile location: data\/TUS11 and data\/TUS23.","access_type":"Data is publicly available but does not allow redistribution and is not included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Custom license","uri":"http:\/\/web.nso.mn\/nada\/index.php\/catalog\/90; http:\/\/web.nso.mn\/nada\/index.php\/catalog\/192","citation":"National Statistics Office (NSO) of Mongolia. 2011 and 2023. \"Mongolia Time Use Survey\" [dataset]. Accessed March 2025. http:\/\/web.nso.mn\/nada\/index.php\/catalog\/90; http:\/\/web.nso.mn\/nada\/index.php\/catalog\/192"},{"name":"Ulaanbaatar Points of Interest (POI)","note":"Source: Overture Maps Foundation.\nAccess date: March 2025.\nFile location: data\/ulaanbaatar.geojson.\nDescription: Geospatial dataset of real-world locations in Ulaanbaatar (businesses, schools, hospitals, landmarks, etc.).","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Open Data Commons Open Database License (ODbL)","uri":"https:\/\/docs.overturemaps.org\/getting-data\/","citation":"Overture Maps Foundation. 2025. \"Ulaanbaatar Points of Interest\" [dataset]. Accessed March 2025. https:\/\/docs.overturemaps.org\/getting-data\/","license_uri":"https:\/\/opendatacommons.org\/licenses\/odbl\/"}],"technology_environment":"Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:\n\u2022 OS: Windows 11 Enterprise\n\u2022 Processor: Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 6226R CPU @ 2.90GHz\n\u2022 Memory available: 32.0 GB","reproduction_instructions":"To reproduce the findings in this paper, a replicator must:\n1. **Secure Access to Data:** Access the datasets not included in the package. See the Datasets section for more details.\n2. **Run the Package:**\n  - Open the R project `Replication_code_Agglomeration_WP.Rproj`.\n  - Restore the environment by running renv::restore() and following the prompts.\n  - Open the replication_agglomeration.R and run the code.\n\nSince some of the original data cannot be redistributed, the package includes the outputs produced by the authors, which can be used to review the results presented in the paper."},"datacite":{"creators":[{"givenName":"Jose Luis Diaz","familyName":"Sanchez","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ae7jd04","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]},{"givenName":"Mijiddorj","familyName":"Lkhagvasuren","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ae7jd04","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]}],"titles":[{"lang":"en","title":"Reproducibility package for Beyond The Urban Sweet Spot: Firm-Level Evidence Of Over-Agglomeration In Mongolia\u2019s Capital"},{"title":"RR_MNG_2026_637","titleType":"Other"}],"publisher":"World Bank","publicationYear":"2026","types":{"resourceType":"Reproducibility package","resourceTypeGeneral":"Other"},"url":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/study\/RR_MNG_2026_637","language":"en"},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"},{"tag":"Open Code"},{"tag":"Open Data"}],"schematype":"script"}