{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DECDI","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2026-05-22","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Juan Manuel Monroy","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"jmonroybarragan@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Maria Davalos","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"mdavalos@worldbank.org"}],"title_statement":{"title":"Reproducibility package for Where You Are Born Matters: Inequality of Opportunities and Intergenerational Mobility across Colombia\u2019s Territory","idno":"RR_COL_2026_554"},"data_statement":"Some data is limited-access and has not been included in the reproducibility package. For more details, please refer to the README file.","software":[{"name":"R","version":"4.3.2"},{"name":"Stata","version":"18.0 MP"}],"scripts":[{"title":"Reproducibility package for Where You Are Born Matters: Inequality of Opportunities and Intergenerational Mobility across Colombia\u2019s Territory","date":"2026-05","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.","instructions":"See README in reproducibility package.","file_name":"RR_COL_2026_554","zip_package":"RR_COL_2026_554.zip","dependencies":"R dependencies are listed in the file renv.lock. Stata dependencies are listed in the ado folder."}],"repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"production_date":"2026-05-22","abstract":"The circumstances into which individuals are born are beyond their control, yet they play a significant role in shaping people\u2019s economic opportunities and are thus key drivers of inequality and its persistence over time. Understanding the role of place of birth is essential to understanding inequality of opportunities and social mobility, both of which directly affect overall inequality. This paper uses machine learning techniques and data from Colombia, one of the most unequal countries in Latin America and the Caribbean, to estimate inequality of opportunity and intergenerational education mobility indexes. The analysis incorporate place of birth and a more granular geographic lens to capture the extent of regional disparities. The findings show that 49 percent of the Gini income inequality is explained by circumstances at birth, and place of birth accounts for up to half of these inequalities. Intergenerational mobility measures at the department (province) level also reveal striking disparities in opportunities across the country. These findings underscore the critical role that place of birth plays in perpetuating inequality, providing important insights for policies aimed at promoting social mobility and reducing territorial disparities.","geographic_units":[{"name":"Colombia","code":"COL"}],"keywords":[{"name":"Intergenerational Mobility"},{"name":"Education"},{"name":"Inequality Of Opportunities"},{"name":"Latin America"},{"name":"Colombia"}],"topics":[{"id":"I2","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Education and Research Institutions","parent_id":"I"},{"id":" D3","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Distribution","parent_id":"D"},{"id":" D63","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement","parent_id":"D6"},{"id":" J6","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Mobility, Unemployment, Vacancies, and Immigrant Workers","parent_id":"J"},{"id":" J62","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Job, Occupational, and Intergenerational Mobility","parent_id":"J6"},{"id":" O15","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Human Resources \u2022 Human Development \u2022 Income Distribution \u2022 Migration","parent_id":"O1"}],"output":[{"type":"Working Paper","description":"Policy Research Working Papers (PRWP)","title":"Where You Are Born Matters: Inequality of Opportunities and Intergenerational Mobility across Colombia\u2019s Territory"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"MIT License","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/mit"},{"name":"World Bank IGO Rider","uri":"https:\/\/github.com\/worldbank\/metadata-editor\/blob\/main\/WB-IGO-RIDER.md"}],"contacts":[{"name":"Maria Davalos ","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"mdavalos@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}],"reproduction_instructions":"To reproduce the findings in this paper, a replicator must:\n1. **Secure Access to Data:** Access the datasets not included in the package. See the Datasets section for more details.\n2. **Run the Package:**\n  - Update the working directory in lines 22 and 57 of the do-file \"1im_io 1.0 Master_out.do\", and run it.\n  - Open the R project \"IMG-IOP.Rproj\"\n  - Restore the environment by running renv::restore() and following the prompts.\n  - Open the script \"main.R\", and run the code\n\nSince all the data is not included, the package includes the results produced by replicators. These files can be used to review the results presented in the paper.","technology_requirements":"Run time: ~ 2 days","technology_environment":"Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:\n\u2022 OS: Windows 11 Enterprise\n\u2022 Processor: INTEL(R) XEON(R) PLATINUM 8562Y+ 2.80 GHz (2 processors)\n\u2022 Memory available: 128 GB","datasets":[{"name":"World Bank Official Boundaries","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.\n","uri":"https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/int\/search\/dataset\/0038272","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0","license_uri":"https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/int\/public-licenses?fragment=cc","note":"Files: in\/world.dta; in\/world_shp.dta\n","citation":"World Bank. 2025. \"World Bank Official Boundaries\" [dataset]. https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/search\/dataset\/0038272\/world-bank-official-boundaries."},{"name":"Global Database on Intergenerational Mobility","uri":"https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/search\/dataset\/0050771\/global-database-on-intergenerational-mobility","license_uri":"https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/int\/public-licenses?fragment=cc","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.\n","note":"The Global Database on Intergenerational Mobility (GDIM) contains estimates of intergenerational mobility (IGM) in education by 10-year cohorts, covering individuals born between 1940 and 1989. IGM is the extent to which living standards of a generation are higher than those of their parents or the extent to which an individual\u2019s position on the socio-economic scale is independent of the position of his or her parents. Files: in\/GDIM_2023_03.dta\n","citation":"World Bank. 2023. Global Database on Intergenerational Mobility. Washington, D.C. World Bank Group."},{"name":"Colombia department-level shapefiles","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.\n","note":"Files: in\/depto.dta; in\/depto_shp.dta\n","citation":"Instituto de Hidrolog\u00eda, Meteorolog\u00eda y Estudios Ambientales (IDEAM). \"Colombia department-level shapefiles\" [dataset]. https:\/\/bart.ideam.gov.co\/ospa\/shape\/Colombia.","uri":"https:\/\/bart.ideam.gov.co\/ospa\/shape\/Colombia\/DEPARTAMENTOS\/"},{"note":"Interpolated tax records for 2022. Files:in\/Colombia_tax_2022.xlsx. Data is forthcoming in the World Bank Development Data Hub and will be available to World Bank staff under limited access. \n","access_type":"Data is forthcoming in the World Bank Development Data Hub.","citation":"Baquero, J.P., D\u00e1valos, M.E., and Monroy, J.M. 2023. \"Colombia Tax Records\" [dataset]. Revisiting the Distributive Impacts of Fiscal Policy in Colombia. Policy Research Working Paper 10520. World Bank. https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/entities\/publication\/7ccb3d1d-3816-4ed8-83a1-edd75b9dad3b.","name":"Colombia Tax Records "},{"note":"Author-compiled list of OECD countries using 3-digit country identification codes, with an indicator column (value = 1) identifying each row as an OECD country. Files: in\/IM_index.xlsx.","name":"OECD Country List","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"Authors' compilation. \"OECD Country List\" [dataset]. Based on OECD member country classifications."},{"note":"Colombia's Quality of Life Survey (Encuesta de Calidad de Vida) for three rounds: 2019 (https:\/\/microdatos.dane.gov.co\/index.php\/catalog\/678\/study-description), 2021 (https:\/\/microdatos.dane.gov.co\/index.php\/catalog\/734), and 2022 (https:\/\/microdatos.dane.gov.co\/index.php\/catalog\/793). Each round includes the following modules: Caracter\u00edsticas y composici\u00f3n del hogar, Condiciones de vida del hogar y tenencia de bienes, Datos de la vivienda, Educaci\u00f3n, Fuerza de trabajo, Servicios del Hogar, and Tenencia y financiaci\u00f3n de la vivienda (2019 and 2022 only). The 2021 round additionally includes Condiciones de vida del hogar y tenencia de bienes programas. File locations: in\/ECV\/2019\/, in\/ECV\/2021\/, in\/ECV\/2022\/.\n\n ","name":"Encuesta de Calidad de Vida (ECV) 2019, 2021, and 2022","access_type":"Data is publicly available but does not allow redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estad\u00edstica (DANE). 2025. \"Encuesta de Calidad de Vida (ECV) 2019, 2021, and 2022\" [dataset]. https:\/\/microdatos.dane.gov.co\/index.php\/catalog\/. ","license_uri":"https:\/\/microdatos.dane.gov.co\/index.php\/catalog\/734\/study-description#metadata-disclaimer_copyright","uri":"https:\/\/microdatos.dane.gov.co\/index.php\/catalog"},{"access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners. It was obtained with a custom data license. The dataset derived from the restricted data meets the criteria for republication and is included in the reproducibility package.","name":"Encuesta Nacional de Calidad de Vida (ECV\/ENCV) \u2013 Municipality-Level Derived Variables","note":"Data accessed starting July 2024 through DANE's secure virtual environment (VPN). The primary source is the Encuesta Nacional de Calidad de Vida (ECV\/ENCV) for 2019, 2021, and 2022, conducted by DANE. While the ECV is not publicly representative at the municipality level, DANE granted the authors access to restricted municipality-level variables through a secure virtual environment. Within the secure environment, the authors constructed a dummy variable identifying individuals born in a municipality that experienced armed conflict in approximately a five-year window around their year of birth. The municipality identifier itself is not included in the output files \u2014 only the derived dummy variable is retained. The output files were reviewed and cleared by DANE before extraction from the secure environment and do not violate DANE's data publication policies. File location: VPN\/.","citation":"Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estad\u00edstica (DANE). 2024. \"Encuesta Nacional de Calidad de Vida (ECV\/ENCV) \u2013 Municipality-Level Derived Variables\" [dataset]. Unpublished data accessed through DANE secure virtual environment. Accessed July 2024.\n"},{"access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.\n","name":"Pobreza Monetaria Departamental, 2021","note":"Data accessed from DANE's webpage. Published April 26, 2022. File location: data\/inpobreza_monetaria_21_dep.xls.\n","uri":"https:\/\/www.dane.gov.co\/index.php\/estadisticas-por-tema\/pobreza-y-condiciones-de-vida\/pobreza-monetaria\/pobreza-monetaria-2021","citation":"Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estad\u00edstica (DANE). 2022. \"Pobreza Monetaria Departamental 2021\" [dataset]. https:\/\/www.dane.gov.co\/index.php\/estadisticas-por-tema\/pobreza-y-condiciones-de-vida\/pobreza-monetaria\/pobreza-monetaria-2021. Published April 26, 2022."}]},"datacite":{"creators":[{"givenName":"Juan Manuel","familyName":"Monroy","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ae7jd04","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]},{"givenName":"Maria","familyName":"Davalos","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ae7jd04","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]}],"titles":[{"lang":"en","title":"Reproducibility package for Where You Are Born Matters: Inequality of Opportunities and Intergenerational Mobility across Colombia\u2019s Territory"},{"title":"RR_COL_2026_554","titleType":"Other"}],"publisher":"World Bank","publicationYear":"2026","types":{"resourceType":"Reproducibility package","resourceTypeGeneral":"Other"},"url":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/study\/RR_COL_2026_554","language":"en"},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"},{"tag":"Open Code"},{"tag":"Restricted Data"}],"schematype":"script"}