{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DECDI","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2026-06-12","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Zeina Alsharkas","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"zalsharkas@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Jean Michel Marchat","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"jmarchat@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Enrique Aldaz-Carroll","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"ealdazcarroll@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Ana Goicoechea","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"agoicoechea@worldbank.org"}],"title_statement":{"title":"Reproducibility package for Competing In The Face Of Climate Risks: Evidence From Firms And Policy Priorities In MENAAP","idno":"FR_WLD_2026_668"},"data_statement":"Some data is restricted and has not been included in the reproducibility package. For more details, please refer to the README file. ","software":[{"name":"R","version":"4.5.2"},{"name":"Stata","version":"19.5 MP"},{"name":"Excel"}],"scripts":[{"title":"Reproducibility package for Competing In The Face Of Climate Risks: Evidence From Firms And Policy Priorities In MENAAP","date":"2026-06","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.","instructions":"See README in reproducibility package.","file_name":"FR_WLD_2026_668","zip_package":"FR_WLD_2026_668.zip","dependencies":"R dependencies are listed in the file renv.lock. Stata dependencies are listed in the ado folder."}],"repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"production_date":"2026-06-12","abstract":"The Middle East, North Africa, Afghanistan, and Pakistan (MENAAP) region is highly exposed to climate change. Countries across the region are already among the most water-scarce in the world and increasingly vulnerable to heat extremes, droughts, floods, and sea level rise. These interlinked hazards, documented across Country Climate and Development Reports (CCDRs), are undermining agriculture, threatening food and water security, and imposing mounting economic and social costs across the region. Rising temperatures are already reducing labor productivity, straining health systems, intensifying desertification, and contributing to water scarcity, crop losses, and higher energy demand for cooling across the region, while water scarcity, droughts, flooding, and sea level rise are deepening fragility, poverty, and displacement risks in the region. \nThis high and rising exposure creates an urgent need to respond. Climate risks are already materializing and affecting economic activity, firm performance, trade, and livelihoods. Delaying action would further magnify losses. Responding to climate risk can generate benefits that go well beyond reducing climate-related losses. Policies that strengthen access to finance, improve the business environment, upgrade infrastructure, and promote resource efficiency can raise productivity, enhance competitiveness, support job creation, improve health outcomes, and increase resilience to other shocks. In this sense, climate-responsive reforms can deliver a double dividend by addressing both climate vulnerabilities and long-standing structural constraints in MENAAP economies.\n","geographic_units":[{"name":"World","code":"WLD"}],"keywords":[{"name":"Climate Risk"},{"name":"Global Warming"},{"name":"Firm Performance"},{"name":"Mena"},{"name":"Menaap"}],"topics":[{"id":"Q54","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Climate \u2022 Natural Disasters and Their Management \u2022 Global Warming","parent_id":"Q5"},{"id":" F18","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Trade and Environment","parent_id":"F1"},{"id":" O44","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Environment and Growth","parent_id":"O4"}],"output":[{"description":"World Bank Reports & Flagships","title":"Competing In The Face Of Climate Risks: Evidence From Firms And Policy Priorities in MENAAP","type":"Flagship or other report"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"MIT License","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/mit"},{"name":"World Bank IGO Rider","uri":"https:\/\/github.com\/worldbank\/metadata-editor\/blob\/main\/WB-IGO-RIDER.md"}],"contacts":[{"name":"Zeina Alsharkas","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"zalsharkas@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}],"datasets":[{"name":"MENA Firm Performance and Sector Classification Data","note":"Restricted data, not publicly available. File location: Figure_1.1 - 1.6\/data\/mena_recent_v2.\nThe file is a processed dataset, manually compiled by the authors using information from Copernicus (Climate Data Store) and 2019-2024 World Bank Group Enterprise Surveys (WBES).\nGeocoded satellite weather data from ERA5 were matched with geocoded WBES data for over 10,000 firms across Egypt, Arab Rep., Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, and Tunisia, between 2019 and 2024.\nThis data is confidential and not included in the package as it contains geolocation information on firms. A list of variables is provided in the reproducibility package: varlist.csv. In addition, interested users can contact the authors at: zalsharkas@worldbank.org. ","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution, and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Custom License","citation":"World Bank. 2026. \"MENA Firm Performance and Sector Classification Data\" [dataset]. Unpublished data. "},{"name":"Computable General Equilibrium Simulation Results","note":"Data accessed in January 2026. Simulation results from a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model. The underlying input data are confidential and not publicly available; however, the model outputs are included in the reproducibility package and serve as the starting point for the exhibits presented in the paper. File location: Figure_2.2-2.4\\Data\\CBAM\\CGE_Exp_MENA_prepos.dta, CGE_Macro Result.xlsx.","access_type":"Data is included in the reproducibility package","citation":"Author elaboration. 2026. \"CGE Simulation Results\" [dataset]. Unpublished data. Accessed January 2026."},{"name":"World Bank Enterprise Surveys","note":"Data accessed in January 2026. File location: Figure_1.1-1.6\/data\/WBES_green_tech.dta. \nData from the World Bank Enterprise Surveys were used directly to create Fig. 1.3b on Power outages WBES indicators; please see more details in the README file. \n\n\n","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)","uri":"https:\/\/www.enterprisesurveys.org\/en\/data","citation":"World Bank. 2026. \"World Bank Enterprise Surveys\" [dataset]. https:\/\/www.enterprisesurveys.org\/en\/data. Accessed January 2026.","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/about\/legal\/terms-of-use-for-datasets"},{"name":"International Energy Agency (IEA) Datasets","note":"Data accessed in January 2026. Fig. 1.5a was also created from the International Energy Agency (IEA) Datasets (IEA Energy and Carbon Tracker 2023), using data from this website: www.iea.org\/data-and-statistics\/dataproduct\/iea-energy-and-carbon-tracker-2023.\nFile location: Figure_1.1-1.6\/data\/IEA_sectors.csv; IEA_prices; Excel_Charts_Reproducibility.xlsx","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence (CC BY 4.0)","uri":"https:\/\/www.iea.org\/data-and-statistics\/data-sets","citation":"International Energy Agency (IEA). 2026. \"IEA Data and Statistics\" [dataset]. https:\/\/www.iea.org\/data-and-statistics\/datasets. Accessed January 2026.","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.iea.org\/terms"},{"name":"FactSet Company Data","note":"Data accessed in February 2026. Contains firm-level data from the FactSet database. \nRestricted subscription data. \nFiles location: Figure 1.7-1.8\/data_in\/all_firms_by_year.csv; menaap_firms_id.csv; related_firms_id.csv.\nA variable list containing all the information used in this analysis is included for these datasets for transparency.","access_type":"Data access requires purchase or human approval and is not included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Custom License","uri":"https:\/\/www.factset.com","citation":"FactSet. 2026. \"FactSet Company Data\" [dataset]. https:\/\/www.factset.com. Unpublished data. Accessed February 2026.","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.factset.com\/legal"},{"name":"World Bank Border Carbon Adjustment Dashboard Data","note":"Data accessed in January 2026. \nFile location: Figure_2.2-2.4\\Data\\CBAM\\Default EI_new.xlsx, Most_exposed_countries_new_EI_V202601.xlsx.\nTo access the underlying data, contact the authors: Paulina Schulz Antipa (pschultzantipa@worldbank.org) and Weronika Celniak (wcelniak@worldbank.org). Internal World Bank access is required to use the dashboard. Still, the files compiled manually by the authors are included in the package and serve as the starting point for this reproducibility package.\n\n","access_type":"Data is included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Custom License","citation":"World Bank. 2026. \"World Bank Border Carbon Adjustment Dashboard Data\" [dataset]. Unpublished data. Accessed January 2026.","uri":"https:\/\/app.powerbi.com\/groups\/me\/apps\/19be3305-5722-4504-ab00-52c5da90be3c\/reports\/24f394a8-31b3-483a-8f8b-033293ece9f7\/5139711b3ca0b06170aa?experience=power-bi"},{"name":"International Trade Database at the Product-Level","note":"Data accessed in February 2026. Centre d\u2019\u00e9tudes prospectives et d\u2019informations internationales (CEPII). International trade database at the product level, HS 2022 classification, 2023 version. \nFile location: Figure_2.2-2.4\\Data\\CBAM\\BACI_HS22_Y2023_V202501.csv; country_codes_V202501.csv.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Open License","uri":"https:\/\/www.cepii.fr\/CEPII\/en\/bdd_modele\/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=37","citation":"Gaulier, G. and Zignago, S. (2010). \"BACI: International Trade Database at the Product-Level\" [dataset]. CEPII Working Paper N. 2010-23. Accessed February 2026.","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.etalab.gouv.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/open-licence.pdf"},{"name":"Greenhouse Gas Emission Intensities","note":"Data accessed in January 2026. Data on European Union (EU) average emission intensity, taken from the file Default values transitional period.pdf of the European Commission - Joint Research Centre. \nFile location: Figure_2.2-2.4\\Data\\CBAM\\JRC EI.dta.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)","uri":"https:\/\/publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu\/repository\/handle\/JRC134682","citation":"Vidovic, D., Marmier, A., Zore, L. and Moya, J. (2023). \"Greenhouse gas emission intensities of the steel, fertilisers, aluminium and cement industries in the EU and its main trading partners\" [dataset]. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg. DOI: 10.2760\\\/359533, JRC134682. ","license_uri":"https:\/\/commission.europa.eu\/legal-notice_en"},{"name":"Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) Database","note":"Data accessed in January 2026. GTAP 11 Database, including HS to GTAP sector concordance and CBAM sector aggregation. File location: Figure_2.2-2.4\\Data\\CBAM\\HS_GTAP.dta; Aggregation_CBAM.xlsx.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Open Access","uri":"https:\/\/www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu\/databases\/regions.aspx?Version=11.211","citation":"Global Trade Analysis Project. 2023. \"GTAP 11 Data Base\" [dataset]. Purdue University. https:\/\/www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu\/databases\/regions.aspx?Version=11.211. Accessed January 2026.","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu\/resources\/free_resources.asp"},{"name":"Direct and Indirect Trade Indicators","note":"Data accessed in January 2026. Data obtained from the authors of the Direct and Indirect Trade Indicators: Arvis, J-F, A Burman, Espitia, J-C Maur, D. Rocha, D. Ulybina. Underlying data not publicly available, but included in the reproducibility package. File location: Figure_2.2-2.4\\Data\\GVC\\indicators_csgroup_c_1990_2022.dta. The dataset is zipped because of size restrictions, so to run the code, the user would need to unzip this file.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)","uri":"https:\/\/wwwstg.worldbank.org\/en\/programs\/tradeexposure\/direct-and-indirect-trade-indicators\/eora","citation":"Arvis, J.-F., Burman, A., Espitia, A., Maur, J.-C., Rocha, N., and Ulybina, D. (2025). \"Measuring exposure and vulnerability to international trade shocks\" [dataset]. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 11243. ","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/about\/legal\/terms-of-use-for-datasets"},{"name":"EORA Multi-Region Input-Output Database","note":"Data accessed in January 2026. Sector description file created from Eora26structure.xlsx. File location: Figure_2.2-2.4\\Data\\GVC\\sec_des.dta.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Open Access","uri":"https:\/\/worldmrio.com\/countrywise\/","citation":"EORA. 2026. \"EORA Multi-Region Input-Output Database\" [dataset]. https:\/\/worldmrio.com\/countrywise\/. Accessed January 2026.","license_uri":"https:\/\/worldmrio.com\/licensing.jsp"},{"name":"World Bank Country and Lending Groups Classification","note":"Data accessed in January 2026. World Bank Country and lending group classification, 2025 version. File location: Figure_2.2-2.4\\Data\\WB_Country Classification.dta.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)","uri":"https:\/\/datahelpdesk.worldbank.org\/knowledgebase\/articles\/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups","citation":"World Bank. 2026. \"World Bank Country and Lending Groups Classification\" [dataset]. https:\/\/datahelpdesk.worldbank.org\/knowledgebase\/articles\/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups. Accessed January 2026.","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/about\/legal\/terms-of-use-for-datasets"},{"name":"fDi Markets Database ","note":"Data accessed in January 2026. Restricted subscription data from the fDi Markets database by the Financial Times. \nTo access the datasets, contact: https:\/\/www.fdimarkets.com. A list of variables is included in the reproducibility package. \n File location: Figure_2.5-2.9\\data_in\\fDi_markets_sectors.dta, fdimarkets_cbam_panel_raw.csv, fdimarkets_exposure_raw.csv, fdi_country_codes.xlsx, ","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution, and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Custom License","uri":"https:\/\/www.fdimarkets.com","citation":"Financial Times. 2026. \"fDi Markets Database\" [dataset]. Unpublished Data. Accessed January 2026."},{"name":"International Financial Statistics - Consumer Price Index","note":"Data accessed in January 2026. U.S. Consumer Price Index data from the International Financial Statistics database of the International Monetary Fund, accessed via the World Bank data portal. File location: Figure_2.5-2.9\\data_in\\concordances\\us_cpi.csv.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)","uri":"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/FP.CPI.TOTL","citation":"International Monetary Fund (IMF). 2026. \"International Financial Statistics: Consumer Price Index\" [dataset]. Accessed via World Bank Data Portal. https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/FP.CPI.TOTL. Accessed January 2026.","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/about\/legal\/terms-of-use-for-datasets"},{"name":"Global Macro Database","note":"Data accessed in March 2025. International macroeconomic dataset. \nFile location: Figure_2.5-2.9\\data_in\\gravity\\GMD.csv.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)","uri":"https:\/\/www.globalmacrodata.com","citation":"Muller, Karsten, Chenzi Xu, Mohamed Lehbib, and Ziliang Chen. 2025. \"The Global Macro Database: A New International Macroeconomic Dataset (Version 2026-03)\" [dataset]. NBER Working Paper No. 33714. National Bureau of Economic Research. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3386\/w33714. Accessed March 2025.","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.globalmacrodata.com\/"},{"name":"CEPII Gravity Database","note":"Data accessed in March 2025. Gravity variables for international trade analysis. File location: Figure_2.5-2.9\\data_in\\gravity\\gravity_vars.csv. The dataset is zipped because of size restrictions, so to run the code, the user would need to unzip this file.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Open License 2.0","uri":"https:\/\/www.cepii.fr\/CEPII\/en\/bdd_modele\/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=8","citation":"Conte, M., P. Cotterlaz and T. Mayer (2022). \"The CEPII Gravity database\" [dataset]. CEPII Working Paper No. 2022-05, July 2022. https:\/\/www.cepii.fr\/CEPII\/en\/bdd_modele\/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=8. Accessed March 2025.","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.etalab.gouv.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/open-licence.pdf"},{"name":"International Trade and Production Database for Estimation (ITPD-E)","note":"Data accessed in January 2026. International Trade and Production Database for Estimation, built from ITPD_S_R1_no_names.csv. \nUsed for Figures 2.8 and 2.9. File location: Figure_2.5-2.9\\data_in\\itpd\\itpd_go_cbam.csv.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Open Access","uri":"https:\/\/www.usitc.gov\/data\/gravity\/itpds","citation":"Borchert, I., Larch, M., Shikher, S., and Yotov, Y. (2024). \"Globalization, Trade, and Inequality: Evidence from a New Database\" [dataset]. USITC Working Paper 2024-11-A. ","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.usitc.gov\/data\/index.htm"},{"name":"Climate Policy Assessment Tool (CPAT) Forecast Data","note":"Data accessed in January 2026. Forecast data generated using the Climate Policy Assessment Tool (CPAT) of the International Monetary Fund and World Bank Group. Access to CPAT is restricted.  File location: Chapter3\\MENA_Regional_TCP_CT_2026-2036_v2.xlsx. To access the latest version of CPAT, please go to the following link and follow the instructions:  https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/topic\/climatechange\/brief\/climate-policy-assessment-tool. Underlying data to produce the figure is restricted, but the aggregated values and the produced figure is in the Excel file. ","access_type":"Data access requires purchase or human approval and is not included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Custom License","uri":"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/topic\/climatechange\/brief\/climate-policy-assessment-tool","citation":"Black, S., I. Parry, V. Mylonas, N. Vernon, and K. Zhunussova (2023). \"The IMF-World Bank Climate Policy Assessment Tool (CPAT): A Model to Help Countries Mitigate Climate Change\" [dataset]. IMF Working Paper No. 2023\\\/128. https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/topic\/climatechange\/brief\/climate-policy-assessment-tool. Accessed January 2026."},{"note":"Emission Intensity Files - These three files are the authors\u2019 own elaboration based on the estimated CBAM Trade Exposure Index reported in Figure 2.2 (see also the README). You may use the source information of the original datasets (Default EI_new xlsx, Most_exposed_countries_new_EI_V202601.xlsx, BACI_HS22_Y2023_V202501.csv) as provided in the README. \nFile location: Chapter 2\\Figure_2.5-2.9\\data_in\\trade\\2017 emission intensity_MENA.xlsx, Default_emission_intensity.xlsx, JRC_emission_intensity.xlsx. ","name":"Emission Intensity Files","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Custom License","citation":"Author elaboration. 2026. \"Emission Intensity Files\" [dataset]. Accessed January 2026"}],"reproduction_instructions":"To reproduce the exhibit in this paper a new user should do the following\n1. Obtain access to the restricted datasets \"mena_recent_v2.dta\" and \"fDi Markets\" datasets\n2. Open the R Project `competing.Rproj` \n3. Restore the environment by running renv::restore() and following the prompts.\n4. Open `mena_main.R` script in Chapter 1 > Figure_1.1-1.6 folder , update the directory and\nrun it\n5. Open R script `0_master.R`, in Chapter 1 > Figure_1.7-1.8 folder, update the directory and\nrun it\n6. Open the `main` do file in Chapter 2 > Figure_2.2-2.4, update the directories, and run it\n7. Open `0_directories_and_packages.R` R script in Chapter 2 > Figure_2.5 - 2.9 folder, edit the\ndirectory and run the script\nSince all the original data cannot be redistributed, the package includes the outputs produced by the replicators, which can be used to review the results presented in the paper.","technology_requirements":"Run time ~ 1.5 hours","technology_environment":"Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:\n\u2022 OS: Windows 11 Enterprise\n\u2022 Processor: Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 5218 CPU @ 2.30GHz (2.30 GHz) (2 processors)\n\u2022 Memory available: 16 GB"},"datacite":{"creators":[{"givenName":"Zeina","familyName":"Alsharkas","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank Group","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02md09461","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]},{"givenName":"Jean Michel","familyName":"Marchat","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank Group","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02md09461","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]},{"givenName":"Enrique","familyName":"Aldaz-Carroll","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank Group","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02md09461","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]},{"givenName":"Ana","familyName":"Goicoechea","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank Group","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02md09461","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]}],"titles":[{"lang":"en","title":"Reproducibility package for Competing In The Face Of Climate Risks: Evidence From Firms And Policy Priorities In MENAAP"},{"title":"FR_WLD_2026_668","titleType":"Other"}],"publisher":"World Bank","publicationYear":"2026","types":{"resourceType":"Reproducibility package","resourceTypeGeneral":"Other"},"url":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/study\/FR_WLD_2026_668","language":"en"},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"},{"tag":"Open Code"},{"tag":"Restricted Data"}],"schematype":"script"}