{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DECDI","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2026-06-23","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Yasmine Elkhateeb","affiliation":"Faculty of Economics and Political Science, Cairo University, Egypt","email":"yasmineelkhateeb@hotmail.com"},{"name":"Nelly Elmallakh","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"nelmallakh@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Luca Flabbi","affiliation":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA","email":"luca.flabbi@gmail.com"},{"name":"Roberta Gatti","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"rgatti@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Mohamed Saleh","affiliation":"London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK","email":"m.saleh@lse.ac.uk"}],"title_statement":{"title":"Reproducibility package for Labor Market Effects Of Public Employment Guarantee","idno":"RR_EGY_2026_685"},"data_statement":"Some data is restricted and has not been included in the reproducibility package. For more details, please refer to the README file. ","software":[{"name":"Stata","version":"19.0 MP"}],"scripts":[{"title":"Reproducibility package for Labor Market Effects Of Public Employment Guarantee","date":"2026-06","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.","instructions":"See README in reproducibility package.","file_name":"RR_EGY_2026_685","zip_package":"RR_EGY_2026_685.zip","dependencies":"Stata dependencies are listed in the ado folder."}],"repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"production_date":"2026-06-23","abstract":"Public employment guarantee (PEG) schemes, which channeled graduates into lifetime positions in the civil service and state-owned enterprises (SOEs), were central to state-led industrialization across the postcolonial world, yet remain far less studied than temporary workfare programs. This paper provides the first causal estimates of their labor market effects, exploiting Egypt\u2019s archetypal PEG, which from the early 1960s guaranteed public sector jobs to secondary and university graduates without competitive examination. We measure district-level exposure by secondary school supply on the eve of the reform (1959\/60) and link it to individual-level census microdata from 1986, 1996, and 2006. Using an event-study design with continuous treatment intensity, we compare cohorts who differed in their age at the PEG\u2019s introduction across districts with differing pre-reform school supply. We find that the PEG reallocated urban male wage employment away from the private sector and toward SOEs, with no comparable shift in rural districts, where SOEs were largely absent. The reallocation was concentrated in manufacturing and high-skilled white-collar occupations, consistent with the policy channeling educated workers into the sectors central to the state\u2019s industrialization drive. We find little evidence that the PEG raised educational attainment, indicating that it primarily redirected an already growing pool of educated workers rather than expanding the supply of schooling.","geographic_units":[{"name":"Egypt","code":"EGY"}],"keywords":[{"name":"Employment"},{"name":"Guarantee"},{"name":"Public Sector"},{"name":"Education"},{"name":"Middle East"}],"topics":[{"id":"J45","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Public Sector Labor Markets","parent_id":"J4"},{"id":" J24","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Human Capital \u2022 Skills \u2022 Occupational Choice \u2022 Labor Productivity","parent_id":"J2"},{"id":" O15","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Human Resources \u2022 Human Development \u2022 Income Distribution \u2022 Migration","parent_id":"O1"},{"id":" J21","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure","parent_id":"J2"},{"id":" O14","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Industrialization \u2022 Manufacturing and Service Industries \u2022 Choice of Technology","parent_id":"O1"}],"output":[{"type":"Working Paper","description":"Policy Research Working Papers (PRWP)","title":"Labor Market Effects Of Public Employment Guarantee"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"technology_requirements":"Run time: 15 hours.","disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"MIT License","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/mit"},{"name":"World Bank IGO Rider","uri":"https:\/\/github.com\/worldbank\/metadata-editor\/blob\/main\/WB-IGO-RIDER.md"}],"contacts":[{"name":"Yasmine Elkhateeb","affiliation":"Faculty of Economics and Political Science, Cairo University, Egypt","email":"yasmineelkhateeb@hotmail.com"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}],"datasets":[{"name":"1986, 1996, and 2006 Egyptian Population, Housing and Establishments Census","note":"Source: Integrated Public Use Microdata Series, International.\nDescription: Raw IPUMS extract (1986, 1996, 2006 Egyptian Population, Housing and Establishments Census); also used for administrative unit harmonization.\nAccess date: October 2024.\nFile location: data\/1_Population census\/1_Raw IPUMS data\/ and data\/0_Administrative units\/1_Raw data\/2_IPUMS\/","access_type":"Data is publicly available, but does not allow redistribution and is not included in the reproducibility package.","license":"IPUMS Terms of Use","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.ipums.org\/about\/terms","uri":"https:\/\/international.ipums.org\/international-action\/sample_details\/country\/eg#tab_eg1986a","citation":"Integrated Public Use Microdata Series, International. 2024. \"1986, 1996, and 2006 Egyptian Population, Housing and Establishments Census\" [dataset]. https:\/\/international.ipums.org\/international-action\/sample_details\/country\/eg#tab_eg1986a. Accessed October, 2024."},{"name":"Annual Education Statistics 1959\/1960 (Egypt)","note":"Source: Imprimerie Nationale.\nDescription: Digitized school statistics for school year 1959\/1960. Mohamed Saleh obtained the 1959\/1960 report in December 2024 as a PDF through an inter-library loan from Princeton University to London School of Economics. As this dataset is restricted, a file \u201cvariable_inventory.csv\u201d was added in the package in the path data\/ so that interested users can see all the variables which were used to run the package\nAccess date: December 2024. \nFile location: data\/2_Schools statistics\/1_Digitized school statistics","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners\/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Custom License","citation":"Imprimerie Nationale. (1960, 1970). \"Annual Education Statistics 1959\/1960 (Egypt)\" [dataset]. Unpublished data. Accessed December, 2024."},{"name":"Annual Education Statistics 1969\/1970 (Egypt)","citation":"Imprimerie Nationale. \"Annual Education Statistics 1969\/1970 (Egypt)\" [dataset]. Unpublished data. Accessed July, 2012.","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners\/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","license_uri":"Custom License","note":"Source: Imprimerie Nationale.\nDescription: Digitized school statistics for school year 1969\/1970. Mohamed Saleh scanned (photographed) and digitized the 1969\/1970 report in July 2012 from an original hard copy of the published report in Arabic at the Library of the Ministry of Education in Cairo, Egypt. As this dataset is restricted, a file \u201cvariable_inventory.csv\u201d was added in the package in the path data\/ so that interested users can see all the variables which were used to run the package\nAccess date: July 2012\nFile location: data\/2_Schools statistics\/1_Digitized school statistics"},{"name":"Annuaire Statistique 1949-1950 et 1950-1951 (Egypt)","note":"Source: Imprimerie Nationale.\nDescription: The Egyptian Statistical Yearbook covering the years 1949-1950 and 1950-1951 and published in 1953 in Cairo. Downloaded by Mohamed Saleh as a PDF from the website of the Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS) (Egypt) in July 2014. However, it is no longer available online. It may be available as hard copy in libraries in Western universities. As this dataset is restricted, a file \u201cvariable_inventory.csv\u201d was added in the package in the path data\/ so that interested users can see all the variables which were used to run the package\nAccess date: July 2014.\nFile location: data\/2_Schools statistics\/1_Digitized school statistics","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners\/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Custom License","citation":"Imprimerie Nationale. 1953. \"Annuaire Statistique 1949-1950 et 1950-1951 (Egypt)\" [dataset]. Unpublished data. Accessed July, 2014."},{"name":"1947, 1960, 1986 Egyptian Population Censuses (Sub-district Level Data)","note":"Source: Centre d'Etudes et de Documentation Economiques, Juridiques, et Sociales (CEDEJ). A Century of Censuses CD-ROM: Egypt 1882\u20131996. Cairo: CEDEJ, 2003.\nDescription: Sub-district-level population census data for 1947, 1960, and 1986. Also the source for Egyptian administrative units (1947, 1960, 1986) used for harmonization of administrative boundaries. As this dataset is restricted, a file \u201cvariable_inventory.csv\u201d was added in the package in the path data\/ so that interested users can see all the variables which were used to run the package\nAccess date: April 2008.\nFile location: data\/1_Population census\/3_Raw census data\/1947.xls; data\/1_Population census\/3_Raw census data\/1960.xls; data\/1_Population census\/3_Raw census data\/1986.xls. Also: data\/0_Administrative units\/1_Raw data\/0_References M. Saleh\/1947_admin_units.xls; 1960_admin_units.xlsx; 1986_admin_units.xls","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners\/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Custom License","citation":"Centre d'\u00c9tudes et de Documentation \u00c9conomiques, Juridiques, et Sociales (CEDEJ). 2003. \"1947, 1960, 1986 Egyptian Population Censuses (Sub-district Level Data)\" [dataset]. Unpublished data. Cairo: CEDEJ. Accessed April, 2008."},{"name":"Land Reform in Egypt (1961)","note":"Source: Moshrif, R., 2025. Long-term Land Inequality and Post-Colonial Land Reform in Egypt (1896-2020).\nDescription: Land reform data digitized from the Agricultural Census for 1961. As this dataset is restricted, a file \u201cvariable_inventory.csv\u201d was added in the package in the path data\/ so that interested users can see all the variables which were used to run the package\nAccess date: October 2025.\nFile location: data\/3_Land reform\/1_Raw data\/","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners\/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Custom License","citation":"Moshrif, R. 2025. \"Land Reform in Egypt (1961)\" [dataset]. Unpublished data. From Long-term Land Inequality and Post-Colonial Land Reform in Egypt (1896-2020). Accessed October, 2025."},{"name":"Egypt - Administrative Boundaries","note":"Source: Humanitarian Data Exchange.\nDescription: Egypt boundary shapefiles used for mapping and spatial robustness checks. \nAccess date: August 2025.\nFile location: data\/6_Mapping data\/Egypt_Admin_shape","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY-4.0)","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/","uri":"https:\/\/data.humdata.org\/dataset\/egypt-administrative-boundaries","citation":"Humanitarian Data Exchange. 2006. \"Egypt - Administrative Boundaries\" [dataset]. https:\/\/data.humdata.org\/dataset\/egypt-administrative-boundaries. Accessed August, 2025."}],"technology_environment":"Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:\n\u2022 OS: Windows 11 Enterprise\n\u2022 Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 6226R CPU @ 2.90GHz (2.90 GHz) (2 processors)\n\u2022 Memory available: 16.0 GB","reproduction_instructions":"To reproduce the findings in this paper, a replicator must:\n1. **Secure Access to Data:** Access the datasets not included in the package. See the Datasets section for more details.\n2. **Run the Package:** Update the working directory in line 11 of the do file `0_main`, and run it.\n\nSince some of the original data cannot be redistributed, the package includes the outputs produced by the replicators, which can be used to review the results presented in the paper."},"datacite":{"creators":[{"givenName":"Yasmine","familyName":"Elkhateeb","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Economics and Political Science, Cairo University","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03q21mh05","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]},{"givenName":"Nelly","familyName":"Elmallakh","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank ","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ae7jd04","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]},{"givenName":"Luca","familyName":"Flabbi","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0130frc33","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]},{"givenName":"Roberta","familyName":"Gatti","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ae7jd04","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]},{"givenName":"Mohamed","familyName":"Saleh","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Economics and Political Science","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0090zs177","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]}],"titles":[{"lang":"en","title":"Reproducibility package for Labor Market Effects Of Public Employment Guarantee"},{"title":"RR_EGY_2026_685","titleType":"Other"}],"publisher":"World Bank","publicationYear":"2026","types":{"resourceType":"Reproducibility package","resourceTypeGeneral":"Other"},"url":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/study\/RR_EGY_2026_685","language":"en"},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"},{"tag":"Open Code"},{"tag":"Restricted Data"}],"schematype":"script"}