{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DECDI","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2026-06-30","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Dennis Engist","affiliation":"University of British Columbia","email":"engistd@mail.ubc.ca"},{"name":"Gabriel Englander","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"aenglander@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Alan Lee","affiliation":"Centre for Functional Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal; FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town; BirdLife South Africa","email":"alan.lee@birdlife.org.za"},{"name":"Frederik Noack","affiliation":"University of British Columbia","email":"frederik.noack@ubc.ca"}],"title_statement":{"title":"Reproducibility package for The Long-Run Impacts Of Protected Areas On Income, Birds, And Tourism In South Africa","idno":"RR_ZAF_2026_658"},"data_statement":"Some data is restricted and has not been included in the reproducibility package. For more details, please refer to the README file. ","software":[{"name":"R","version":"4.5.2"}],"scripts":[{"title":"Reproducibility package for The Long-Run Impacts Of Protected Areas On Income, Birds, And Tourism In South Africa","date":"2026-06","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.","instructions":"See README in reproducibility package.","file_name":"RR_ZAF_2026_658","zip_package":"RR_ZAF_2026_658.zip","dependencies":"R dependencies are listed in the file renv.lock."}],"repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"production_date":"2026-06-30","abstract":"Protected areas cover 17% of the world's land surface, yet credible evidence on their long-run economic and ecological impacts remains scarce. This paper estimates the effects of South Africa's protected areas on household income, bird biodiversity, and tourism consumer surplus. For the income and biodiversity analyses, it develops a machine-learning counterfactual approach that recovers the present-day impacts of protected areas created up to 100 years ago. Short-run impacts of newer protected areas are small and statistically insignificant, while older protected areas generate large gains. Prior research may have severely underestimated the benefits of protected areas by only estimating the short-run effects of newly established protected areas. In aggregate, this paper estimates that protected areas increase annual household income by approximately R300 billion (roughly 10% of 2011 GDP). This yields approximately 7.6 million job-equivalents attributable to South Africa's protected areas. Different types of protected areas play complementary roles in conserving different categories of threatened birds, demonstrating the value of South Africa's entire protected area network. A structural travel cost model estimates that South Africa's national parks generate R7.7 billion per year (2023 rand) in recreational value for domestic and international tourists. These results suggest that in South Africa there is little tradeoff between wildlife conservation and economic development. Realizing the economic and ecological benefits of protected areas, however, requires patience: returns to conservation accumulate over decades, not years.","geographic_units":[{"name":"South Africa","code":"ZAF"}],"keywords":[{"name":"Protected Areas"},{"name":"Household Income"},{"name":"Biodiversity Conservation"},{"name":"Tourism"},{"name":"South Africa"}],"topics":[{"id":"Q56","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Environment and Development \u2022 Environment and Trade \u2022 Sustainability \u2022 Environmental Accounts and Accounting \u2022 Environmental Equity \u2022 Population Growth","parent_id":"Q5"},{"id":" Q57","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Ecological Economics: Ecosystem Services \u2022 Biodiversity Conservation \u2022 Bioeconomics \u2022 Industrial Ecology","parent_id":"Q5"},{"id":" Q26","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Recreational Aspects of Natural Resources","parent_id":"Q2"},{"id":" O13","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Agriculture \u2022 Natural Resources \u2022 Energy \u2022 Environment \u2022 Other Primary Products","parent_id":"O1"},{"id":" C21","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Cross-Sectional Models \u2022 Spatial Models \u2022 Treatment Effect Models \u2022 Quantile Regressions","parent_id":"C2"}],"output":[{"type":"Working Paper","description":"Policy Research Working Papers (PRWP)","title":"The Long-Run Impacts Of Protected Areas On Income, Birds, And Tourism In South Africa"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"MIT License","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/mit"},{"name":"World Bank IGO Rider","uri":"https:\/\/github.com\/worldbank\/metadata-editor\/blob\/main\/WB-IGO-RIDER.md"}],"contacts":[{"name":"Dennis Engist","affiliation":"University of British Columbia","email":"engistd@mail.ubc.ca"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}],"datasets":[{"name":"South African Census Data (2001, 2011)","note":"Data accessed October 20, 2024. Monthly household income data from the 2001 and 2011 South African censuses. URL portal not functioning as of June 2026. File locations: shared data\/census\/zaf_census_2001_monthlyhouseholdincome.xls; shared data\/census\/zaf_census_2011_monthlyhouseholdincome.xls.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Custom License","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.statssa.gov.za\/?page_id=425","uri":"https:\/\/superweb.statssa.gov.za\/webapi\/jsf\/login.xhtml","citation":"Statistics South Africa. 2001, 2011. \"South African Census Data\" [dataset]. Statistics South Africa. Accessed October 2024."},{"name":"Harmonized Global Nighttime Light Dataset, 1992\u20132018 (Version 8)","note":"Data accessed October 11, 2024. File location: shared data\/nightlights.7z.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/","uri":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6084\/m9.figshare.9828827.v8","citation":"Li, X., Zhou, Y., Zhao, M., and Zhao, X. 2020. \"Harmonization of DMSP and VIIRS nighttime light data from 1992\u20132021 at the global scale\" [dataset]. figshare. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6084\/m9.figshare.9828827.v8. Accessed October 2024."},{"name":"South African Electoral Wards (2011)","note":"Data accessed October 11, 2024. File location: shared data\/electoral wards\/MDBWard2011.gdb.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Public, no license or terms of use specified","uri":"https:\/\/dataportal-mdb-sa.opendata.arcgis.com\/datasets\/12d2deb98816451ab7c4dc09cdfeee6b\/about","citation":"Municipal Demarcation Board of South Africa. 2011. \"Electoral Ward Shapefile\" [dataset]. https:\/\/dataportal-mdb-sa.opendata.arcgis.com\/datasets\/12d2deb98816451ab7c4dc09cdfeee6b\/about. Accessed October 2024."},{"name":"South African Railways \u2013 OpenStreetMap and 1925 Historical Map","note":"Data accessed October 4 (1925 map) and October 11, 2024 (OSM). Includes current OSM railway network and an author-reconstructed 1925 network, created by removing post-1925 lines and adding decommissioned lines using the 1925 map and Google Maps aerial imagery. Railway junctions were placed at the nearest train station to each convergence point. File locations: shared data\/railways\/hotosm_zaf_railways_lines_shp.shp; shared data\/railways\/commonwealth_pr76hs68r_access_full.jpeg; shared data\/railways\/cleaned 1925 railways\/zaf_railways_1925_v4.shp; shared data\/railway junctions\/rail_junctions_v1.shp.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Open Database License (ODC-ODbL); 1925 map: no known copyright restrictions","license_uri":"https:\/\/data.humdata.org\/faqs\/licenses","uri":"https:\/\/data.humdata.org\/dataset\/hotosm_zaf_railways; https:\/\/www.digitalcommonwealth.org\/search\/commonwealth:pr76hs68r","citation":"OpenStreetMap Contributors. 2024. \"South Africa Railways\" [dataset]. Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team, Humanitarian Data Exchange; South African Railways and Harbours, and Government Printing Works (South Africa). \"Standard railway map of South Africa = Standaard spoorwegkaart van Suidafrika.\" Map. Pretoria: Government Printing Works, 1925. Digital Commonwealth, https:\/\/ark.digitalcommonwealth.org\/ark:\/50959\/pr76hs68r (accessed October 4, 2024)."},{"name":"South African Resource Deposits","note":"Data accessed October 21, 2024. Compilation of geospatial data for mineral industries and related infrastructure of Africa. PGE deposits use point data. File locations: shared data\/resources\/mineral_deposits.shp; shared data\/resources\/mineral_polygon_coal.shp.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Public domain (U.S. Government Work)","license_uri":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5066\/P97EQWXP","uri":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5066\/P97EQWXP","citation":"Padilla, A.D., et al. 2021. \"Compilation of geospatial data (GIS) for the mineral industries and related infrastructure of Africa\" [data release]. U.S. Geological Survey. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5066\/P97EQWXP. Accessed October 2024."},{"name":"South Africa \u2013 Subnational Administrative Boundaries (COD-AB)","note":"Data accessed October 11, 2024. File locations: shared data\/South Africa border\/zaf_admbnda_adm0_sadb_ocha_20201109.shp; shared data\/South Africa border\/zaf_admbnda_adm1_sadb_ocha_20201109.shp.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Creative Commons Attribution for Intergovernmental Organisations (CC BY-IGO)","license_uri":"https:\/\/data.humdata.org\/faqs\/licenses","uri":"https:\/\/data.humdata.org\/dataset\/cod-ab-zaf","citation":"United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). 2020. \"South Africa \u2013 Subnational Administrative Boundaries (COD-AB)\" [dataset]. Humanitarian Data Exchange. https:\/\/data.humdata.org\/dataset\/cod-ab-zaf. Accessed October 2024."},{"name":"Climatic Research Unit Data, Version 4.08","note":"Data accessed June 27, 2024. File locations: shared data\/precipitation.7z\/cru_ts4.08.2001.2010.pre.dat.nc; shared data\/temperature.7z\/cru_ts4.08.2001.2010.tmn.dat.nc.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Open Government Licence v3.0","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.nationalarchives.gov.uk\/doc\/open-government-licence\/version\/3\/","uri":"https:\/\/crudata.uea.ac.uk\/cru\/data\/hrg\/cru_ts_4.08\/cruts.2406270035.v4.08\/","citation":"Harris, I., Osborn, T.J., Jones, P., and Lister, D. 2020. \"Version 4.08 of the CRU TS monthly high-resolution gridded multivariate climate dataset.\" Scientific Data, 7(1), 109. Accessed June 2024."},{"name":"Elevation and Slope \u2013 SRTM (CGIAR-CSI)","note":"Data accessed October 22, 2024 via Google Earth Engine (dataset id: CGIAR\/SRTM90_V4). Replicators require a free GEE account and the rgee or earthengine-api packages. Slope derived from elevation using ee.Terrain.slope(). File locations: shared data\/terrain\/zaf_elevation.tif; shared data\/terrain\/zaf_slope.tif.","access_type":" Data is publicly available but does not allow redistribution and is not included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Custom","license_uri":"https:\/\/srtm.csi.cgiar.org\/disclaimer\/","uri":"https:\/\/srtm.csi.cgiar.org","citation":"Jarvis, A., Reuter, H.I., Nelson, A., and Guevara, E. 2008. \"Hole-filled SRTM for the globe Version 4\" [dataset]. CGIAR Consortium for Spatial Information (CGIAR-CSI). Retrieved via Google Earth Engine. Accessed October 2024."},{"name":"1926 Census \u2013 Metropolitan Area Populations","note":"Data accessed October 28, 2024. Pages 37\u201340 of the Fourth Census of the Population of the Union of South Africa, digitised by the LSE Digital Library (funded by Wehner, J. and de Kadt, D., 2023). For Johannesburg, the population of the entire Witwatersrand region is used. File location: shared data\/major cities\/1926_census_zaf.pdf.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"No known copyright","license_uri":"https:\/\/digital.library.lse.ac.uk\/about#terms","uri":"https:\/\/digital.library.lse.ac.uk\/Documents\/Detail\/fourth-census-of-the-union-of-south-africa.-1926\/521659","citation":"Union of South Africa Office of Census and Statistics. 1927. \"Fourth Census of the Population of the Union of South Africa, Enumerated 4th May 1926, Part I\" [PDF]. Government Printing and Stationery Office, Pretoria. Digitised by the LSE Digital Library. Accessed October 2024."},{"name":"Rivers of South Africa","note":"Data accessed January 17, 2025. File location: shared data\/rivers\/wriall500.shp.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"No license specified","uri":"https:\/\/www.dws.gov.za\/iwqs\/gis_data\/river\/All.html","citation":"Department of Water and Sanitation. 2006. \"Rivers of South Africa \u2013 All Drainage Regions, 1:500,000\" [dataset]. Kleynhans, C.J., Thirion, C., and Moolman, J. 2005. \"A Level I and II River Ecoregion Classification System for South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland\" [report]. Resource Quality Services, DWAF, Pretoria. Accessed January 2025."},{"name":"World Coastlines","note":"Data accessed March 22, 2023. Processed and distributed by the World Bank Development Economics Data Group (DECDG). File location: shared data\/world coastlines\/WB_Coastlines_10m\/WB_Coastlines_10m.shp\/.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Public Domain","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.naturalearthdata.com\/about\/terms-of-use\/","uri":"https:\/\/www.naturalearthdata.com\/downloads\/10m-physical-vectors\/10m-coastline\/","citation":"Natural Earth. 2019. \"World Coastlines, 1:10 million\" [dataset]. Processed and distributed by the World Bank Development Economics Data Group (DECDG). Accessed March 2023."},{"name":"South African Protected Areas (SAPAD, Q3 2025)","note":"Data accessed December 15, 2025. The dataset is updated quarterly; replicators must use the Q3 2025 release included in this package to reproduce results exactly. File location: shared data\/conservation areas\/SAPAD_OR_2025_Q3.shp.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Public and redistributable for non-commercial use","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.dffe.gov.za\/terms-use","uri":"https:\/\/www.dffe.gov.za\/egis","citation":"Department of Forestry, Fisheries and the Environment, Environmental Geographic Information Systems (DFFE EGIS). 2025. \"Protected Areas\" [dataset], Q3 2025. Accessed December 2025."},{"name":"Global Agro-Ecological Zones Version 4 (GAEZ v4) \u2013 Crop Suitability Indices","note":"Data accessed October 21, 2024. Eight crop suitability rasters (barley, citrus, maize, rapeseed, soybeans, sugarcane, sunflower, wheat). Parameters: suitability index (0\u201310,000), period 1981\u20132010, CRUTS32 climate data source, historical RCP, rainfed water supply, high input level with CO\u2082 fertilization. File location: shared data\/suitability\/suitability_index_CROP.tif.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"FAO Terms of Use; free for non-commercial use with attribution","license_uri":"https:\/\/gaez.fao.org\/pages\/disclaimer","uri":"https:\/\/gaez.fao.org","citation":"FAO and IIASA. 2021. \"Global Agro-Ecological Zones version 4 (GAEZ v4): Suitability and Attainable Yield\" [dataset]. Accessed October 2024."},{"name":"South African Major Cities \u2013 SimpleMaps","note":"Data accessed October 24, 2024. File location: shared data\/major cities\/major_cities.csv.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"MIT License (free tier)","license_uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/MIT","uri":"https:\/\/simplemaps.com\/data\/za-cities","citation":"SimpleMaps. \"South Africa Cities Database\" [dataset]. https:\/\/simplemaps.com\/data\/za-cities. Accessed October 2024."},{"name":"Southern African Bird Atlas Project 2 Bird Census Data","note":"Data accessed February 2\u20135, 2026. Downloaded via the ABAP R package (requires the remotes package); script 00_data_collection_SABAP2.R was used for access. To reproduce results exactly, use the archived data provided rather than re-downloading. File locations: shared data\/SABAP2.7z\/SABAP2_Province.csv; shared data\/SABAP2.7z\/SABAP2_Province_visits.csv.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Open access; free for research and non-commercial use with attribution","license_uri":"https:\/\/github.com\/AfricaBirdData\/ABAP","uri":"https:\/\/github.com\/AfricaBirdData\/ABAP","citation":"Brooks, M., Rose, S., Altwegg, R., Lee, A.T.K., et al. 2022. \"The African Bird Atlas Project: a description of the project and BirdMap data-collection protocol.\" Ostrich, 93(3), 223\u2013230. Accessed February 2026."},{"name":"SABAP2 Species Checklist (Conservation Status), 2026","note":"Data accessed February 28, 2026. Classifications into critically endangered, endangered, vulnerable, near-threatened, and least concern species. File location: shared data\/SABAP2 checklist\/SA-Bird-Checklist-26.01.2026.xlsx.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","uri":"https:\/\/www.birdlife.org.za\/media-and-resources\/bird-checklists\/","citation":"BirdLife South Africa List Committee. 2026. \"Checklist of Birds in South Africa 2026\" [checklist]. BirdLife South Africa. Accessed February 2026."},{"name":"Urban Adaptation Categories for South African Bird Species","note":"Author-constructed dataset by co-author Alan Lee, based on expert classification of bird species into urban adopters, urban avoiders, and urban neutral categories. Included in the replication archive for reproducibility purposes. File location: shared data\/SABAP2.7z\/Urban adaptation categories\/Urban_adaption_categories.csv.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"Lee, A. 2026. \"Urban adaptation categories for South African bird species\" [dataset]. Unpublished."},{"name":"South African Level-2 Biome Data","note":"Data accessed January 20, 2026. Level-2 data are aggregated to level-1 during processing. File location: shared data\/biome map\/lev2_0105.shp.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"No explicit license stated; publicly accessible via government portal","uri":"https:\/\/www.dws.gov.za\/iwqs\/gis_data\/ecoregions\/get-ecoregions.aspx","citation":"Thirion, C., and Silberbauer, M. 2005. \"Ecoregions of South Africa, Level 2\" [dataset]. Resource Quality Information Services, Department of Water and Sanitation. Accessed January 2026."},{"name":"South African National Land Cover Change, 2014\u20132020","note":"Data accessed March 24, 2026. Used to construct a management quality proxy. File locations: shared data\/land cover change\/SA_NLC_2014_2020_CLASS_CHANGE_ALBERS.tif and related files; lcccodes.xlsx; change_2014_2020_27_lcc.xlsx; change_2014_2020_27_change_assessment_report.pdf.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Public and redistributable for non-commercial use","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.dffe.gov.za\/terms-use","uri":"https:\/\/www.dffe.gov.za\/egis","citation":"Department of Forestry, Fisheries and the Environment, Environmental Geographic Information Systems (DFFE EGIS). 2020. \"South African National Land Cover Change Assessment, 2014\u20132020\" [raster]. Accessed March 2026."},{"name":"SANParks Tourism Demographics Data","note":"Data shared by email by Candice Eb (SANParks) on August 13, 2025. Permission to include in the public replication package is pending confirmation as of April 16, 2026; if not granted, replicators can request the files directly from Candice Eb (Candice.Eb@sanparks.org). File location: tourism\/data\/SANParks Tourism DEMOGRAPHICS\/.","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"South African National Parks. 2025. \"SANParks tourism demographics data\" [dataset]. South African National Parks. Accessed August 2025."},{"name":"Most Crowded Airports Dataset ","note":"Data accessed August 25, 2025. File location: tourism\/data\/Airports.csv.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 (CC BY-SA 3.0)","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/","uri":"https:\/\/www.kaggle.com\/datasets\/khaiid\/most-crowded-airports","citation":"Khaiid. 2025. \"Most Crowded Airports: Busiest Airports Dataset\" [dataset]. Kaggle. https:\/\/www.kaggle.com\/datasets\/khaiid\/most-crowded-airports. Accessed August 2025."},{"name":"Kerosene-Type Jet Fuel Prices, U.S. Gulf Coast (FRED)","note":"Data accessed August 26, 2025. File location: tourism\/data\/WJFUELUSGULF.csv.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"FRED Terms of Use permit non-commercial use with citation","license_uri":"https:\/\/fred.stlouisfed.org\/legal\/","uri":"https:\/\/fred.stlouisfed.org\/series\/WJFUELUSGULF","citation":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. 2025. \"Kerosene-Type Jet Fuel Prices: U.S. Gulf Coast (WJFUELUSGULF)\" [dataset]. FRED. https:\/\/fred.stlouisfed.org\/series\/WJFUELUSGULF. Accessed August 2025."},{"name":"Monthly Inland Petrol Prices \u2013 South Africa","note":"Data accessed September 2, 2025. URL link was previously functional but is currently unavailable. File location: tourism\/data\/fuel_price\/.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":" Department of Mineral and Petroleum Resources License","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.dmpr.gov.za\/Terms-Conditions","uri":"https:\/\/www.dmre.gov.za\/energy-resources\/energy-sources\/pretoleum\/petrol-price-archive","citation":"Department of Mineral Resources and Energy. 2025. \"Petrol Price Archive\" [dataset]. Accessed September 2025."},{"name":"SANParks Entrance Fees","note":"Data shared by email by Liandi Slabbert (SANParks) on September 22\u201323, 2025. Permission to include in the public replication package was granted by Liandi Slabbert by email on May 6, 2026. File locations: tourism\/data\/CONSFEES_RATES_HISTORY.xls; tourism\/data\/Entry fees\/.","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners. It was obtained with a custom data license that allows for redistribution and it is included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"South African National Parks. 2025. \"South African National Parks Conservation Fees and Tariffs\" [dataset]. Data emailed to authors by Liandi Slabbert on September 22 and 23, 2025."},{"name":"Tourist Length-of-Stay Data \u2013 South African Tourism Annual Reports","note":"Data accessed October 12, 2025. Website terms of use restrict reproduction without written permission; the PDF reports are therefore not included in the package, but can be downloaded using the individual URLs in the README. Eight annual reports (2013, 2015, 2016, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2023, 2024). File location: tourism\/data\/intl_visit_lengths\/.","access_type":"Data is publicly available but does not allow redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Custom License","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.southafrica.net\/za\/en\/travel\/page\/terms-and-conditions","uri":"https:\/\/www.southafrica.net\/gl\/en\/corporate\/page\/south-african-tourism-annual-report","citation":"South African Tourism. 2013, 2015, 2016, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2023, 2024. \"Annual Tourism Performance Reports\" [reports]. Accessed October 2025."},{"name":"Domestic Tourism Survey, 2019 \u2013 Statistics South Africa","note":"Data accessed September 11, 2025. File location: tourism\/data\/P03521December2019.pdf.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Copyright Statistics South Africa","uri":"https:\/\/www.statssa.gov.za\/publications\/P03521\/P03521December2019.pdf","citation":"Statistics South Africa. 2020. \"Domestic Tourism Survey\" [dataset]. Accessed September 2025."},{"name":"World Bank Official Boundaries (Admin 0 and Admin 1)","note":"Data accessed September 17, 2025 (Admin 1) and May 12, 2026 (Admin 0). File locations: tourism\/data\/World Bank Official Boundaries - Admin 1\/; tourism\/data\/World Bank Official Boundaries - Admin 0\/.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)","license_uri":"https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/public-licenses","uri":"https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/int\/search\/dataset\/0038272\/world-bank-official-boundaries","citation":"World Bank. 2025. \"World Bank Official Boundaries\" [dataset]. https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/int\/search\/dataset\/0038272\/world-bank-official-boundaries. Accessed September 2025 and May 2026."},{"name":"Amadeus Flight Offers Search API Query Outputs","note":"Data accessed August 27\u2013September 4, 2025. Amadeus Self-Service API Terms of Use restrict the test environment to testing\/prototyping and prohibit distribution of materials to third parties; these query outputs are therefore not included in the public package. Includes: (1) international flight prices query (August 27, 2025), round-trip airfare quotes from the busiest airport in each of the 10 highest-volume international origin countries to Johannesburg and Cape Town; (2) domestic flight prices query (August 29, 2025), quotes from 19 domestic airports to Johannesburg and Cape Town; (3) domestic inter-airport flight prices query (September 4, 2025), quotes for a random sample of domestic airport pairs. All results are date-specific and cannot be reproduced exactly as flight prices change daily. To reproduce, create a free Amadeus developer account and run the commented-out query blocks in the respective generating scripts.","access_type":"Data access requires purchase or human approval and is not included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Amadeus Self-Service API Terms of Use","license_uri":"https:\/\/developers.amadeus.com\/legal\/terms-and-conditions","uri":"https:\/\/developers.amadeus.com\/self-service\/category\/flights\/api-doc\/flight-offers-search","citation":"Amadeus for Developers. 2025. \"Flight Offers Search API (v2)\" [API]. Amadeus IT Group. Accessed August\u2013September 2025."},{"name":"OSRM Driving Durations and Distances","note":"Data accessed May 1, 2026. Computed using the OSRM car routing profile via the osrm R package and OpenStreetMap road network data. Two datasets: (1) pairwise driving distances and durations between 30 starting locations and 19 national park entrance gates; (2) pairwise driving distances between 9 provincial capitals and 21 domestic airports. Results depend on the road network at the time of query and may not be exactly reproducible if OpenStreetMap data has since been updated.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"OSRM software: BSD 2-Clause license; road network data: Open Database License (ODbL)","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.openstreetmap.org\/copyright","uri":"https:\/\/project-osrm.org","citation":"Project OSRM. 2026. \"Open Source Routing Machine\" [software]. https:\/\/project-osrm.org. OpenStreetMap contributors. 2026. \"OpenStreetMap\" [database]. https:\/\/www.openstreetmap.org. Accessed May 2026."}],"technology_requirements":"Run time: ~ 50 hours","technology_environment":"Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:\n\u2022 OS: Windows 11 Enterprise\n\u2022 Processor: INTEL(R) XEON(R) PLATINUM 8562Y+ (2.80 GHz) (2 processors)\n\u2022 Memory available: 128.0 G","reproduction_instructions":"To reproduce the findings in this paper, a replicator must:\n1. **Secure Access to Data:** Access the datasets not included in the package. See the Datasets section for more details.\n2. **Run the Package:**\n     - Open the R project \"SA_parks_project.Rproj\", and run the script `RUN THIS FIRST.R` to restore the environment. \n     - Run the scripts in order: `main_income.R`, `main_biodiversity.R`, and `main_tourism.R`.\n\nSince not all the data is included, the package includes the results produced by replicators. These files can be used to review the results presented in the paper."},"datacite":{"creators":[{"givenName":"Dennis","familyName":"Engist","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"University of British Columbia","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03rmrcq20"}]},{"givenName":"Gabriel","familyName":"Englander","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ae7jd04","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]},{"givenName":"Alan","familyName":"Lee","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cape Town","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03p74gp79"}]},{"givenName":"Frederik","familyName":"Noack","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"University of British Columbia","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03rmrcq20"}]}],"titles":[{"lang":"en","title":"Reproducibility package for The Long-Run Impacts Of Protected Areas On Income, Birds, And Tourism In South Africa"},{"title":"RR_ZAF_2026_658","titleType":"Other"}],"publisher":"World Bank","publicationYear":"2026","types":{"resourceType":"Reproducibility package","resourceTypeGeneral":"Other"},"url":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/study\/RR_ZAF_2026_658","language":"en"},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"},{"tag":"Open Code"},{"tag":"Restricted Data"}],"schematype":"script"}