{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DECDI","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2026-07-02","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Erhan Artuc","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"eartuc@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Ilena Cristina Neagu","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"ineagu@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Daria Taglioni","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"dtaglioni@worldbank.org"}],"title_statement":{"title":"Reproducibility package for Openness and Productivity Reform: Lessons for Middle-Income Economies from Thailand and other ASEAN","idno":"RR_THA_2026_689"},"software":[{"name":"Stata","version":"19 MP"},{"name":"Python","version":"3.9.7 "},{"name":"MatLab","version":"R2024b"},{"name":"Julia","version":" 1.12.5"}],"scripts":[{"title":"Reproducibility package for Openness and Productivity Reform: Lessons for Middle-Income Economies from Thailand and other ASEAN","date":"2026-07","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.","instructions":"See README in reproducibility package.","file_name":"RR_THA_2026_689","zip_package":"RR_THA_2026_689.zip","dependencies":"Stata dependencies are listed in the ado folder."}],"repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"production_date":"2026-07-02","abstract":"How can middle-income economies convert trade openness and productivity-enhancing reforms into higher real income and welfare? This paper develops a quantitative trade model with input-output linkages and labor market frictions to assess the impact of trade and productivity reforms on real income, wages, trade and production. Thailand and ASEAN provide a useful case because the region spans economies with very different approaches to growth: some deeply embedded in Asian manufacturing value chains, others focused on commodities, export-led industrializers, and countries pursuing more selective integration. This variation allows to assess when openness yields large welfare gains, when productivity reforms matter more, and when the two are complementary. The results show that openness gains depend on domestic capabilities, while productivity gains depend on access to inputs and markets. The policy implication is a twin agenda: reduce trade frictions in connectivity, customs, logistics, standards, certification, and regulatory recognition, while strengthening firm productivity, supplier capabilities, and manufacturing related services in high-growth sectors and GVCs.","geographic_units":[{"name":"Thailand","code":"THA"}],"keywords":[{"name":"Trade Costs"},{"name":"Productivity"},{"name":"Global Value Chains"},{"name":"Middle-Income Economies"},{"name":"Asean"},{"name":"Openness"},{"name":"Regulatory Frictions"}],"topics":[{"id":"F11","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Neoclassical Models of Trade","parent_id":"F1"},{"id":" F13","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Trade Policy \u2022 International Trade Organizations","parent_id":"F1"},{"id":" F17","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Trade Forecasting and Simulation","parent_id":"F1"},{"id":" O14","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Industrialization \u2022 Manufacturing and Service Industries \u2022 Choice of Technology","parent_id":"O1"},{"id":" O47","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Empirical Studies of Economic Growth \u2022 Aggregate Productivity \u2022 Cross-Country Output Convergence","parent_id":"O4"}],"output":[{"type":"Working Paper","description":"Policy Research Working Papers (PRWP)","title":"Openness And Productivity Reform: Lessons For Middle-Income Economies From Thailand And Other Asean"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"technology_requirements":"Run time: ~15 minutes\nJulia: 7 minutes\nMatlab: 7 minutes\nPython: 1 minute\nStata: 1 minute","disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"MIT License","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/mit"},{"name":"World Bank IGO Rider","uri":"https:\/\/github.com\/worldbank\/metadata-editor\/blob\/main\/WB-IGO-RIDER.md"}],"contacts":[{"name":"Erhan Artuc","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"eartuc@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}],"datasets":[{"name":"Inter-Country Input-Output Tables (ICIO)","uri":"https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/en\/data\/datasets\/inter-country-input-output-tables.html","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package. ","note":"There are two versions of ICIO: regular ICIO and extended ICIO. We use the 2025 edition (October 2025 update of regular ICIO). For this analysis we use the first and latest years available: 1994 and 2022. Access Type: The January 2026 version is accessible (the October 2025 version is not available on the website).\nFiles location: reproducibility_package\/simulations\/tiva_2025\/tiva_raw_2025\/1995_SML, 2022_SML","license":"OECD Terms & Conditions","citation":"OECD. 2025. \"Inter-Country Input-Output tables (ICIO)\". OECD TiVA database. [dataset]. https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/en\/data\/datasets\/inter-country-input-output-tables.html. Access date: November 2026.","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/en\/about\/terms-conditions.html"},{"name":"Penn World Table version 10.01","uri":"https:\/\/www.rug.nl\/ggdc\/productivity\/pwt\/pwt-releases\/pwt1001","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package. ","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)","citation":"Feenstra, Robert C., Robert Inklaar and Marcel P. Timmer (2015), \"The Next Generation of the Penn World Table\" American Economic Review, 105(10), 3150-3182, available for download at https:\/\/www.ggdc.net\/pwt. Access date: September 2025","license_uri":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/","note":"File location: reproducibility_package\/simulations\/tiva_2025\/pwt_raw\/pwt1001.xlsx."},{"name":"Global Value Chains (GVC's) WDR 2020   ","uri":"https:\/\/wits.worldbank.org\/gvc\/global-value-chains.html; https:\/\/wits.worldbank.org\/gvc\/gvc-data-download.html","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package. ","citation":"Borin, A., Mancini, M., & Taglioni, D. (2025). Economic consequences of trade and global value chain integration: A measurement perspective. The World Bank Economic Review, 00(0), 1\u201324. Access Date: June 2026","license_uri":"https:\/\/wits.worldbank.org\/faqs.html#Databases","note":"To download the data from the link. GVC indicators: Download all files except \"GVC TRADE data\" from https:\/\/wits.worldbank.org\/gvc\/gvc-data-download.html, store in folder descriptive\/underlying_data_table_1, and unzip all downloaded files. \nFiles location: reproducibility_package\/descriptive\/underlying_data_table_1\/gvc_output_WITS, gvc_output_WORLD, gvc-countries, gvc-sectors","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)"},{"name":"World Trade Organization (WTO) Data","uri":"https:\/\/data.wto.org\/","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package. ","note":"To download, follow the link below, select countries IDN, MYS, PHL, SGP, VNM, THA over 2022-2024: \"Simple average MFN applied tariff \u2013 all products (Percent), indicator code TP_A_0010\" and \"Trade-weighted MFN applied tariff average \u2013 all products (Percent) indicator code TP_A_0010\", and store them in descriptive\/underlying_data_table_2. \nFiles location: reproducibility_package\/descriptive\/underlying_data_table_2\/WtoData_20260618235401.csv","license":"Copyright and permissions","citation":"World Trade Organization (WTO). 2026. World Trade Organization (WTO) Data [dataset]. https:\/\/data.wto.org\/. Access date: June 2026.","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.wto.org\/english\/info_e\/copyrights_permissions_e.htm"},{"name":"Global Database on Non-Tariff Measures (NTMs)","uri":"https:\/\/unctad.org\/topic\/trade-analysis\/non-tariff-measures\/NTMs-data","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package. ","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO License (CC BY 3.0 IGO)","citation":"UNCTAD. (2024). Making sense of Non-Tariff Measures (NTMs): A user's guide to accessing and analysing the data (UNCTAD Guide). United Nations Publishing. https:\/\/unctad.org\/topic\/trade-analysis\/non-tariff-measures\/NTMs-data. Access Date: June 2026","license_uri":"https:\/\/unctadstat.unctad.org\/EN\/About.html#PRIVACY","note":"To download directly from the source, a user can use the following link, choose Thailand from the dropdown menu, and write down the numbers for the Coverage Ratio and the Frequency Index. Repeat for Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Vietnam, and Singapore. Save to Excel file NTM_data in descriptive\/underlying_data_table_2.\nFiles location: reproducibility_package\/descriptive\/underlying_data_table_2\/NTM_data"},{"name":"Logistics Performance Indicators (LPI) 2.0","uri":"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/LP.LPI.OVRL.XQ; https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/LP.LPI.CUST.XQ","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package. ","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)","citation":"World Bank. (2026). Connecting to Compete - Logistics Performance Index ( LPI ) [dataset]. https:\/\/data360.worldbank.org\/en\/int\/dataset\/WB_LPI_20. Access Date: June 2026","license_uri":"https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/public-licenses#cc-by","note":"To download directly from the source. Download the complete files from https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/LP.LPI.OVRL.XQ and https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/LP.LPI.CUST.XQ and store them in descriptive\/underlying_data_table_2. \nFiles location: reproducibility_package\/descriptive\/underlying_data_table_2\/API_LP.LPI.CUST.XQ_DS2_en_excel_v2_249551, API_LP.LPI.OVRL.XQ_DS2_en_excel_v2_393930"},{"name":"Doing Business Archive","uri":"https:\/\/archive.doingbusiness.org\/en\/data\/exploretopics\/trading-across-borders","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package. ","note":"This dataset has been discontinued. However, at the time of writing, no comparable alternative was available for the export clearance time indicator derived from it. To download from the source, follow the link below and place the data in the appropriate folder. \nFiles location: reproducibility_package\/descriptive\/underlying_data_table_2\/Trading across Borders.xlsx","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)","citation":"World Bank. (2020). Doing Business 2020: Comparing Business Regulation in 190 Economies [dataset]. Washington, DC: World Bank. https:\/\/archive.doingbusiness.org\/en\/data\/exploretopics\/trading-across-borders. Access Date: June 2026","license_uri":"https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/public-licenses#cc-by"}],"reproduction_instructions":"To reproduce the findings in this package, please follow the steps below:\n\n### Descriptive Tables\n1. All data is already included in the reproducibility package. If you would like to download the data from scratch instead, follow the process described in the Data section or the README file, download the datasets, and place them in the appropriate folder.\n2. Open the `code_tables_1_and_2` do-file from the `descriptive` folder, update the path, and run the code.\n3. Results tables are in the two worksheets of the `descriptive_tables` Excel file, located in the `descriptive` folder.\n\n### Simulations\n1. Change directory to `simulations\/tiva_2025`.\n2. Run `data_process_tiva.jl` using Julia.\n3. Run `data_process_pwt` using Python.\n4. Change directory to `simulations`.\n5. Run `run_main` using Matlab.\n6. The results table is `simulations\/main_results_table6`.","technology_environment":"Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:\n\u2022 OS: Windows 11 Enterprise 10.0.26200\n\u2022 Processor: Intel64 Family 6 Model 207 (GenuineIntel), 128.0 GB RAM\n\u2022 Memory available: 128.0 GB","data_statement":"All data sources are publicly available and included in the reproducibility package"},"datacite":{"creators":[{"givenName":"Erhan","familyName":"Artuc","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ae7jd04","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]},{"givenName":"Ilena Cristina","familyName":"Neagu","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ae7jd04","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]},{"givenName":"Daria","familyName":"Taglioni","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ae7jd04","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]}],"titles":[{"lang":"en","title":"Reproducibility package for Openness And Productivity Reform: Lessons For Middle-Income Economies From Thailand And Other Asean"},{"title":"RR_THA_2026_689","titleType":"Other"}],"publisher":"World Bank","publicationYear":"2026","types":{"resourceType":"Reproducibility package","resourceTypeGeneral":"Other"},"url":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/study\/RR_THA_2026_689","language":"en"},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"},{"tag":"Open Code"},{"tag":"Open Data"}],"schematype":"script"}