{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DECDI","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2026-05-27","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Vo Kieu Dung","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"dvo@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Tracey Stormn Mcaskill","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"traceymcaskillconsulting@gmail.com"},{"name":"Pham Thi Phuong Lien","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"lpham4@worldbank.org"}],"title_statement":{"title":"Reproducibility package for Turning Promise Into Practice: Building A Coherent ECEC Workforce System In Viet Nam","idno":"RR_VNM_2026_576"},"data_statement":"Some data is restricted and has not been included in the reproducibility package. For more details, refer to the README file.","software":[{"name":"Excel"},{"name":"QGIS","version":"3.38.1"}],"scripts":[{"title":"Reproducibility package for Turning Promise Into Practice: Building A Coherent ECEC Workforce System In Viet Nam","date":"2026-05","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.","instructions":"See README in reproducibility package.","file_name":"RR_VNM_2026_576","zip_package":"RR_VNM_2026_576.zip"}],"repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"production_date":"2026-05-27","abstract":"Viet Nam stands at a pivotal moment in early childhood education (ECE). National strategies set an ambitious vision for a modern, high-quality system. Achieving this vision depends on a single critical factor: the early childhood education and care (ECEC)  workforce. International evidence is unequivocal: teacher competence, pedagogical support, and working conditions are among the strongest determinants of children\u2019s learning, well-being, and long-term outcomes (OECD 2020a; UNICEF 2024). The Government of Viet Nam (GoV) has taken important steps to elevate the role of teachers. Yet a persistent disconnect remains between this ambitious policy framework and structural realities teachers face. Chronic system pressures\u2014rigid quota-based staffing that drives shortages, inconsistent and poorly aligned initial teacher education, promotion frameworks that reward seniority over competence, and professional development that is generic and insufficiently aligned with teacher needs\u2014undermine the day-to-day experiences of teachers and children. These challenges are compounded by fragmented responsibilities across the Ministry of Education and Training (MOET), Ministry of Home Affairs (MOHA), Ministry of Finance (MOF), Departments of Education and Training (DOETs), and training institutions, alongside uneven provincial fiscal and administrative capacity. Together, they risk diluting the impact of the reform agenda. This paper argues that bridging this gap requires a shift toward a coherent, systemwide approach to workforce development (WFD).  ","geographic_units":[{"name":"Viet Nam","code":"VNM"}],"keywords":[{"name":"Early Childhood Education"},{"name":"Workforce Development"}],"output":[{"type":"Working Paper","description":"Policy Research Working Papers (PRWP)","title":"Turning Promise Into Practice: Building A Coherent ECEC Workforce System In Viet Nam"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"MIT License","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/mit"},{"name":"World Bank IGO Rider","uri":"https:\/\/github.com\/worldbank\/metadata-editor\/blob\/main\/WB-IGO-RIDER.md"}],"contacts":[{"name":"Vo Kieu Dung","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"dvo@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}],"datasets":[{"name":"Teaching and Learning in Early Childhood Survey (TLEC)","note":"Filename: TLEC_Cleaned_Respondent_Level_Data.xls. The TLEC survey was conducted by the authors. The dataset was then cleaned and structured format by a Vietnamese research group collaborating on the study (Vietnam Institute of Education Studies(VNIES)). ","access_type":"Data is forthcoming in the World Bank Microdata Library. ","citation":"World Bank. Teaching and Learning in Early Childhood Survey (TLEC) [dataset]. [Forthcoming]","uri":"Forthcoming at https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/"},{"name":"Learning in Early Years Survey (LEY)","note":"Filenames: LEY_Manager responses.xls and LEY_Teacher responses.xls. The LEY survey was conducted by the authors. The cleaned and structured LEY datasets were provided by the contractor on the study: Faculty of Early Childhood Education, Hanoi National University of Education (HNUE). ","access_type":"Data is forthcoming in the World Bank Microdata Library.","uri":"Forthcoming at https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/","citation":"World Bank. Learning in Early Years Survey (LEY) [dataset]. [Forthcoming]"},{"name":"Early Childhood Education Administrative Data: National level (2014-2024)","note":"Filename: ece_national_level_data.xlsx. Source: Viet Nam Ministry of Education and Training. This data was manually compiled by the authors from the early childhood education statistics published on the Viet Nam Ministry of Education and Training website (https:\/\/moet.gov.vn\/thong-ke).","uri":"Forthcoming at https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/int\/data\/add","citation":"Viet Nam Ministry of Education and Training. 2024. Early Childhood Education Administrative Data: National level (2014-2024) [dataset]. https:\/\/moet.gov.vn\/thong-ke. [Forthcoming]","access_type":"Data is forthcoming in the World Bank Development Data Hub."},{"name":"Early Childhood Education Administrative Data: Provincial level (2020-2021) ","note":"Filename: 1. Source Data\/ecec_provincial_level_data.xls and QGIS\/ece_teacher_province_data.csv. The original data was shared with the authors by the Vietnam Department of Early Childhood Education, Ministry of Education and Training (MOET) during the World Bank\u2019s technical assistance to the Department in 2022-2023. Due to confidentiality restrictions, the original data cannot be made publicly available. Therefore, only an intermediate dataset constructed by the authors is included in this reproducibility package. Please see README for details on the assembly process. ","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners\/managers. It is included in the reproducibility package in a processed form.","citation":"Viet Nam Ministry of Education and Training. 2020. Early Childhood Education Administrative Data: Provincial level (2020-2021) [dataset]. Unpublished data. Accessed 2022-2023. ","license":"Custom license","uri":"https:\/\/moet.gov.vn\/thong-ke"},{"name":"Early Childhood Education Administrative Data: Regional level","note":"Filename: ecec_regional_level_data.xls. The data was compiled by the authors from the appendix of the Draft National Assembly Resolution of Early Childhood Education Program Renovation posted on chinhphu.vn in January 2025. ","citation":"Draft National Assembly Resolution of Early Childhood Education Program Renovation, Government of Vietnam Web Portal (chinhphu.vn). 2025. Early Childhood Education Administrative Data: Regional level [dataset]. Available at https:\/\/chinhphu.vn\/du-thao-vbqppl\/du-thao-nghi-quyet-cua-quoc-hoi-ve-doi-moi-chuong-trinh-giao-duc-mam-non-7211. Accessed 2025.","uri":"https:\/\/chinhphu.vn\/du-thao-vbqppl\/du-thao-nghi-quyet-cua-quoc-hoi-ve-doi-moi-chuong-trinh-giao-duc-mam-non-7211","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package in a processed form.","license":"Government of Vietnam Copyright Notice","license_uri":"https:\/\/chinhphu.vn\/du-thao-vbqppl\/du-thao-nghi-quyet-cua-quoc-hoi-ve-doi-moi-chuong-trinh-giao-duc-mam-non-7211"},{"name":"Early Childhood Education Administrative Data: District level (2020-2021)","note":"Filename: 1. Source Data\/ecec_district_level_data.xls and QGIS\/ece_teacher_district_data.csv. The original dataset was compiled by the Vietnam Ministry of Education and Training (MOET) for the 2020\u20132021 school year to support the drafting of a National Assembly resolution on the universalization of early childhood education and care (ECEC) for children aged 3\u20135. It was shared with the authors and, due to confidentiality restrictions, cannot be made publicly available. As a result, only an intermediate dataset constructed by the authors is included in this reproducibility package. Please see README for details on the assembly process. ","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners\/managers. It is included in the reproducibility package in a processed form. ","license":"Custom license","citation":"Viet Nam Ministry of Education and Training. 2020. Early Childhood Education Administrative Data: District level (2020-2021) [dataset]. Unpublished data. Accessed 2022-2023. ","uri":"https:\/\/moet.gov.vn\/thong-ke"},{"uri":"https:\/\/www.nso.gov.vn\/en\/px-web\/?pxid=E0312&theme=National%20Accounts%20and%20State%20budget","note":"Filename: 2022 GDP per capita.xls. Source: Viet Nam National Statistics Office. ","name":"Gross regional domestic product per capita by province","citation":"Viet Nam National Statistics Office. 2022. Gross regional domestic product per capita by province [dataset]. https:\/\/www.nso.gov.vn\/en\/px-web\/?pxid=E0312&theme=National%20Accounts%20and%20State%20budget. Accessed 2022. ","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Copyright belongs to the National Statistics Office","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.nso.gov.vn\/en\/px-web\/?pxid=E0312&theme=National%20Accounts%20and%20State%20budget"},{"name":"Average population by province, sex and residence","note":"Filename: 2022 Urbanization rate.xls. Source: Viet Nam National Statistics Office. ","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Copyright belongs to the National Statistics Office","uri":"https:\/\/www.nso.gov.vn\/en\/px-web\/?pxid=E0203-07&theme=Population%20and%20Employment","citation":"Viet Nam National Statistics Office. 2022. Average population by province, sex and residence [dataset]. https:\/\/www.nso.gov.vn\/en\/px-web\/?pxid=E0203-07&theme=Population%20and%20Employment. Accessed 2022. ","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.nso.gov.vn\/en\/px-web\/?pxid=E0312&theme=National%20Accounts%20and%20State%20budget"},{"name":"Training targets of teacher training colleges and universities (2023) ","note":"Filename: 2023 TTIs training target.xls. This data was shared with the authors by the Vietnam Department of Higher Education during a technical mission in November 2022.","access_type":"Data is forthcoming in the World Bank Development Data Hub.","license":"Custom license","citation":"Department of Higher Education, Ministry of Education and Training, Government of Vietnam. 2023. Training targets of teacher training colleges and universities (2023) [dataset]. [Forthcoming]. ","uri":"Forthcoming at https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/int\/data\/add"},{"name":"Training targets of teacher training colleges and universities (2018-2022) ","note":"Filename: Figure 7.xls. Training targets for early childhood education for teacher training universities and colleges from 2018 to 2022 were manually collected by the authors from the institutions\u2019 admission plans posted on their official websites of the analysed universities and colleges. Links: 1. Hanoi National University of Education (HNUE) (https:\/\/tuyensinh.hnue.edu.vn\/tin-tuc\/185). 2. Viet Nam National University, University of Education (VNU-UED) (https:\/\/education.vnu.edu.vn\/index.php\/WebControl\/viewnews\/1557: now inactive). 3. National College of Education (NCE) (https:\/\/cdsptw.edu.vn\/document.aspx?sitepageid=665&id=1060). 4. Vinh University, School of Education (VUED)(https:\/\/old.vinhuni.edu.vn\/DATA\/0\/upload\/1\/documents\/2018\/07\/deandh_chinh_ngay_0472018.pdf). 5. Hue University, School of Education (HUED): (https:\/\/tuyensinh.dhsphue.edu.vn\/Modules\/nganhhoc\/front_list_nganh.aspx?idmenu=117) 6.Thai Nguyen Universitiy, School of Education (TNUED) (https:\/\/tuyensinh.tnue.edu.vn\/Data\/Sites\/120\/media\/thangtm\/files\/De%20an%20tuyen%20sinh%202020_6.pdf: now inactive). 6. \tHanoi Metropolitan University (HMU)(https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1uylR9YyzIV01V7YoYbPTiNamdDmMWv9v\/view)  ","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package in a processed form.","citation":"Authors' compilation. 2026. Training targets of teacher training colleges and universities (2018-2022) [dataset]. Based on admission plans of selected universities and colleges."},{"name":"Ethnic minority population","note":"Filename: Population- Ethnicity by province-2019.xlsx. Source: 2019 Viet Nam Population and Housing Census, Viet Nam General Statistics Office.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package in a processed form.","uri":"https:\/\/gis.gso.gov.vn\/printed_material\/","citation":"Viet Nam General Statistics Office: 2019 Viet Nam Population and Housing Census. Ethnic minority population [dataset]. Available at https:\/\/gis.gso.gov.vn\/printed_material\/. Accessed 2025. "},{"name":"Ethnic minority: teachers ","note":"Filename: Ethnic ECE teachers.xlsx. The original data was shared with the authors by the Department of Early Childhood Education, Ministry of Education and Training during the World Bank\u2019s technical assistance to the Department in 2022-2023, it is not publicly available. The intermediate dataset compiled by the authors is included in the reproducibility package. See README fordetails on assembly process.\n","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners\/managers. It is included in the package in a processed form.","license":"Custom license","citation":"Viet Nam Ministry of Education and Training. 2023. Ethnic minority: teachers [dataset]. Unpublished data. Accessed 2025."},{"name":"Child-teacher ratio by countries","note":"Filename: B5b.xlsx. This dataset was manually compiled by the authors using Google and entering key words including \u201cStatutory children to early childhood teacher\u201d AND \u201c[country]\u201d. Links: Vietnam:Ministry of Education and Training (Vietnam). Circular No. 19\/2023\/TT-BGD\u0110T: Regulations on the organizational structure of public early childhood education professional titles, Article 3. Hanoi, 2023. (https:\/\/thuvienphapluat.vn\/van-ban\/Lao-dong-Tien-luong\/Thong-tu-19-2023-TT-BGDDT-co-cau-vien-chuc-theo-chuc-danh-nghe-nghiep-giao-duc-mam-non-cong-lap-508175.aspx); Malaysia: SpringerLink. \u201cTable 1,\u201d in Early Childhood Education in Malaysia, by Kimberly Kong, in International Handbook on Education in South East Asia. Singapore: Springer, [year].  (https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-981-16-8136-3_13-1\/tables\/1#ref-CR19) Singapore: Early Childhood Development Agency (ECDA). \u201cEducator-to-Child Ratios.\u201d Government of Singapore. (https:\/\/ask.gov.sg\/ecda\/questions\/cm4mgs6r9001cptnr5ez88gro); Finland: http:\/\/eurydice.eacea.ec.europa.eu\/eurypedia\/finland\/organisation-centre-based-ecec#:~:text=The%20maximum%20number%20of%20children,than%205%20hours%20a%20day (http:\/\/eurydice.eacea.ec.europa.eu\/eurypedia\/finland\/organisation-centre-based-ecec#:~:text=The%20maximum%20number%20of%20children,than%205%20hours%20a%20day), Australia: https:\/\/www.acecqa.gov.au\/nqf\/educator-to-child-ratios (https:\/\/www.acecqa.gov.au\/nqf\/educator-to-child-ratios).","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package in a processed form.","citation":"Authors' compilation. 2026. Child-teacher ratio by countries [dataset]. Based on multiple sources."},{"name":"ECE Primary and Seconday school teachers by grade","note":"Filename: B6.xlsx. Thsi data was compiled by the authors from a news article on VnExpress, a Vietnamese online newspaper, which was based on data from the Vietnam Ministry of Education and Training.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package in a processed form.","uri":"https:\/\/vnexpress.net\/giao-vien-mam-non-khap-khoi-cho-tien-luong-cao-nhat-4959000.html","license":"VnExpress Terms of Use","citation":"Ministry of Education, Government of Vietnam and VnExpress. ECE Primary and Seconday school teachers by grade [dataset]. Accessed 2025. ","license_uri":"https:\/\/vnexpress.net\/dieu-khoan-su-dung"},{"name":"Territory of a province in Vietnam","uri":"https:\/\/data.vietnam.opendevelopmentmekong.net\/vi\/dataset\/a-phn-tnh","note":"File location: QGIS\\GIS\\vnm_province. Vietnam province shapefiles are used to create Figures 3 and 4. Please refer to the README for further details.","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license_uri":"https:\/\/data.vietnam.opendevelopmentmekong.net\/vi\/dataset\/a-phn-tnh","citation":"Open Development Vietnam and Department of Survey and Mapping, Ministry of Nutural Resources and Environment -Vietnam. Territory of a province in Vietnam [dataset]. Accessed 2025."},{"note":"File location: QGIS\\GIS\\vnm_district. Vietnam district shapefiles are used to create Figure 6. Please refer to the README for further details.","uri":"https:\/\/data.opendevelopmentmekong.net\/vi\/dataset\/a-phn-huyn","license":"CC-BY-SA-4.0","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license_uri":"https:\/\/data.opendevelopmentmekong.net\/vi\/dataset\/a-phn-huyn","name":"Vietnam District Territory","citation":"Open Development Vietnam and Department of Survey and Mapping, Ministry of Nutural Resources and Environment -Vietnam. Vietnam District Territory [dataset]. Accessed 2025."},{"name":"Credit distribution of ECEC teacher training programs by institution","note":"Filename: Appendix.xlsx (B7). This data was shared by selected teacher training institutions (TTIs) upon request from the authors. Only the intermediate data tables compiled by the authors are included in the package. For more details, see README file.","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners\/managers. It is included in the package in a processed form.","license":"Custom license","citation":"Authors' compilation. 2026. Credit distribution of ECEC teacher training programs by institutions [dataset]. Based on course outlines of 11 teacher training institutions (TTIs). Unpublished data."}],"technology_environment":"Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:\n\u2022 OS: Windows 11 Enterprise\n\u2022 Processor: INTEL(R) XEON(R) PLATINUM 8562Y+ 2.80 GHz (2 processors)\n\u2022 Memory available: 32.0 GB","reproduction_instructions":"To reproduce the findings in this paper, a replicator must:\n1. **Secure Access to Data:** Access the datasets not included in the package. See the Datasets section for more details.\n2. **Excel:** Generate exhibits in Excel using the instructions in the README file.\n3. **QGIS:** Generate figures in QGIS using the instructions in the README file.\n\n**Note:** The reproducibility package begins with intermediate data as some of the raw data is restricted. Intermediate data is included in the reproducibility package and can be used to fully reproduce the results in the paper."},"datacite":{"creators":[{"givenName":"Vo Kieu","familyName":"Dung","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ae7jd04","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]},{"givenName":"Tracey Stormn","familyName":"Mcaskill","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ae7jd04","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]},{"givenName":"Pham Thi Phuong","familyName":"Lien","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ae7jd04","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]}],"titles":[{"lang":"en","title":"Reproducibility package for Turning Promise Into Practice: Building A Coherent ECEC Workforce System In Viet Nam"},{"title":"RR_VNM_2026_576","titleType":"Other"}],"publisher":"World Bank","publicationYear":"2026","types":{"resourceType":"Reproducibility package","resourceTypeGeneral":"Other"},"url":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/study\/RR_VNM_2026_576","language":"en"},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"},{"tag":"Open Code"},{"tag":"Restricted data"}],"schematype":"script"}