{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DECDI","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2026-08-05","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Pierre-Louis V\u00e9zina","affiliation":"King's College London","email":"pierre-louis.vezina@kcl.ac.uk"},{"name":"Meng Yu Ngov","affiliation":"WTO","email":"meng_yu.ngov@kcl.ac.uk"},{"name":"Trang Thu Tran","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"ttran6@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Gaurav Nayyar","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"gnayyar@worldbank.org"}],"title_statement":{"title":"Reproducibility package for The Rise of Viet Nam\u2019s Solar Panel Industry: Inputs, FDI, and Spillovers","idno":"RR_ASI_2026_655"},"data_statement":"Some data is restricted and has not been included in the reproducibility package. For more details, please refer to the README file. (Limited-access\/Restricted Data)","software":[{"name":"R","version":"4.5.2"},{"name":"Stata","version":"19.5"}],"scripts":[{"title":"Reproducibility package for The Rise of Viet Nam\u2019s Solar Panel Industry: Inputs, FDI, and Spillovers","date":"2026-08","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.","instructions":"See README in reproducibility package.","file_name":"RR_ASI_2026_655","zip_package":"RR_ASI_2026_655.zip","dependencies":"R dependencies are listed in the file renv.lock. Stata dependencies are listed in the ado folder."}],"repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"production_date":"2026-08-05","abstract":"We document how foreign firms, inputs, and subsidies have shaped the development of Viet Nam\u2019s solar panel industry. We use firm-to-firm transaction datacfrom Panjiva as well as firm-level data from the Vietnamese Enterprise Surveycto trace solar panel value chains. We uncover three key findings: First, parts and components from subsidizing countries are 30% cheaper than alternatives. Those from China, which provides the majority of solar inputs to Vietnamese producers, are cheapest. Foreign green subsidies may thus spill over across countries via value chains. Second, Chinese FDI firms dominate Viet Nam\u2019s solar industry, accounting for 75% of exports and 50% of jobs, and they export solar panels that are 38% cheaper than those of other producers in Viet Nam. Third, local firms supplying parts and components to these Chinese FDI firms experience positive productivity gains. Our findings show how Viet Nam\u2019s solar boom emerged through deep integration into China\u2019s subsidized supplychains.","geographic_units":[{"name":"Asia","code":"ASI"}],"keywords":[{"name":"Global Value Chains"},{"name":"Green Subsidies"},{"name":"Fdi"}],"topics":[{"id":"F14","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Empirical Studies of Trade","parent_id":"F1"},{"id":" F23","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Multinational Firms \u2022 International Business","parent_id":"F2"},{"id":" Q42","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Alternative Energy Sources","parent_id":"Q4"}],"output":[{"type":"Working Paper","description":"Policy Research Working Papers (PRWP)","title":"The Rise of Viet Nam\u2019s Solar Panel Industry: Inputs, FDI, and Spillovers"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"MIT License","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/mit"},{"name":"World Bank IGO Rider","uri":"https:\/\/github.com\/worldbank\/metadata-editor\/blob\/main\/WB-IGO-RIDER.md"}],"contacts":[{"name":"Pierre-Louis V\u00e9zina","affiliation":"King's College London","email":"pierre-louis.vezina@kcl.ac.uk"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}],"datasets":[{"name":"Vietnam Enterprise Survey (VES) firm-level panel","note":"Source: General Statistics Office (GSO) of Vietnam\nFilenames: gso.dta, import_firms.dta, export_firms.dta","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"General Statistics Office of Vietnam. 2022. 'Vietnam Enterprise Survey (VES) firm-level panel' [dataset]. Unpublished data."},{"uri":"https:\/\/www.gso.gov.vn\/en\/prices\/","name":"Vietnam Price data","note":"Source: General Statistics Office (GSO) of Vietnam\nFilenames: Annual average CPI (Previous year = 100).csv, export_price_index_2023.xlsx, import_price_index_2023.xlsx, sector_correspondence.xlsx","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"General Statistics Office of Vietnam. 2022. 'Vietnam Enterprise Survey (VES) firm-level panel' [dataset]. https:\/\/www.gso.gov.vn\/en\/prices\/\n"},{"name":"Supply Chain Intelligencel data","note":"Source: Marketplace S&P Global\n","uri":"https:\/\/www.marketplace.spglobal.com\/en\/datasets\/panjiva-supply-chain-intelligence-(22)?cq_cmp=9778467255&cq_plac=&cq_net=g&cq_pos=&cq_plt=gp&utm_source=google&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=Data_and_Research_Marketplace_DMS_Search_Google&utm_term=&utm_content=586436401424&_bt=586436401424&_bk=&_bm=&_bn=g&_bg=133704002389&gad_source=1&gad_campaignid=9778467255&gclid=EAIaIQobChMIwaaOqZSKlgMVb1JHAR3JZx5eEAAYAiAAEgL8W_D_BwE","access_type":" Data access requires purchase or human approval and is not included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"Marketplace S&P Global. 2022. 'Supply Chain Intelligencel data' [dataset]. https:\/\/www.marketplace.spglobal.com\/en\/datasets\/panjiva-supply-chain-intelligence-(22)?cq_cmp=9778467255&cq_plac=&cq_net=g&cq_pos=&cq_plt=gp&utm_source=google&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=Data_and_Research_Marketplace_DMS_Search_Google&utm_term=&utm_content=586436401424&_bt=586436401424&_bk=&_bm=&_bn=g&_bg=133704002389&gad_source=1&gad_campaignid=9778467255&gclid=EAIaIQobChMIwaaOqZSKlgMVb1JHAR3JZx5eEAAYAiAAEgL8W_D_BwE"},{"name":"HS code classification data","note":"Source: Rosenow, B. & Mealy, P. (2024)","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","uri":"https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/handle\/10986\/41024","citation":"Rosenow, B. & Mealy, P. (2024). 'HS code classification data' [dataset]. https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/handle\/10986\/41024"},{"name":"AI-generated Production Network (AIPNET) Edge List","note":"Source: AI-generated Production Network (AIPNET)","access_type":"Data is publicly available but does not allow redistribution and is not included in the reproducibility package.","license_uri":"https:\/\/aipnet.io\/data\/","uri":"https:\/\/aipnet.io\/","citation":"AI-generated Production Network (AIPNET) (2025). 'AI-generated Production Network (AIPNET) Edge List' [dataset]. https:\/\/aipnet.io\/"},{"license_uri":"https:\/\/globaltradealert.org\/terms","note":"Source: Global Trade Alert (GTA)","name":"Green Goods Subsidies data","access_type":" Data access requires human approval and is not included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"Global Trade Alert (GTA) (2024). 'Green Goods Subsidies data' [dataset]. https:\/\/globaltradealert.org\/data-center","uri":"https:\/\/globaltradealert.org\/data-center"},{"uri":"https:\/\/www.cepii.fr\/DATA_DOWNLOAD\/baci\/doc\/baci_webpage.html","citation":"Gaulier, G. and Zignago, S. (2010) BACI: International Trade Database at the Product-Level. The 1994-2007 Version. CEPII Working Paper, N\u00b02010-23","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.etalab.gouv.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/open-licence.pdf","note":"Source: United Nations Statistical Division","license":"Etalab Open Licence 2.0","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","name":"BACI: International Trade Database at the Product-Level"},{"name":" Product Concordance data","note":"Source: World Integrated Trade Solution ","uri":"https:\/\/wits.worldbank.org\/","license_uri":"https:\/\/wits.worldbank.org\/faqs.html#Databases","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS), World Bank. n.d. \"Product Concordance [dataset]\". Accessed in April 2025. https:\/\/wits.worldbank.org\/product_concordance.html"},{"name":"FDI Status for Solar Panel Exporters","note":"Source: Author's compilation\nThe authors manually verified the FDI status of solar panel exporters and compiled a list.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"Authors\u2019 compilation. 2024. \u201cFDI Status for Solar Panel Exporters [dataset].\u201d FDI status manually verified by the authors using information from Masothue.com. Accessed in August 2024. https:\/\/masothue.com\/","uri":"https:\/\/masothue.com\/"},{"name":"CEO Nationality for Solar Panel Exporters","note":"Source: Author's compilation\nThe authors manually verified the nationalities of CEOs of solar panel exporters and compiled a list.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","uri":"https:\/\/thuvienphapluat.vn\/","citation":"Authors\u2019 compilation. 2024. \u201cCEO Nationality for Solar Panel Exporters [dataset].\u201d FDI status manually verified by the authors using information from https:\/\/thuvienphapluat.vn. Accessed in August 2024.  https:\/\/thuvienphapluat.vn"},{"name":"Tax IDs for Local Vietnamese Suppliers","note":"Source: Author's compilation\nThe authors manually verified the tax IDs for local vietnamese suppliers and compiled a list.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"Authors\u2019 compilation. 2024. \u201cTax IDs for Local Vietnamese Suppliers [dataset].\u201d FDI status manually verified by the authors using information from https:\/\/masothue.com\/. Accessed in August 2024. https:\/\/masothue.com\/","uri":"https:\/\/masothue.com\/"},{"name":"Firms Supplying Solar Producers (2018)","note":"Source: S&P Global Market Intelligence\nThe authors manually verified the tax IDs for local vietnamese suppliers and compiled a list.","uri":"https:\/\/pages.marketintelligence.spglobal.com\/Panjiva-Jump-Start-Shipment-Search.html","citation":"Authors\u2019 compilation. 2024. \u201cFirms Supplying Solar Producers (2018) [dataset].\u201d https:\/\/pages.marketintelligence.spglobal.com\/Panjiva-Jump-Start-Shipment-Search.html. Accessed in August 2024. ","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package."}],"reproduction_instructions":"To reproduce the findings in this paper, a replicator must:\n1. **Secure Access to Data:** Some datasets are restricted and require special permissions. Please refer to the README file for detailed instructions on data access.\n2. **Download and Place Data:** Once access has been granted, download the datasets and place them in the appropriate folders as specified in the package documentation.\n3. **Run the Package:** After placing the data in the appropriate folders, execute the code files as follows:\n   - Navigate to folder `VES_code`, update the working directory in line 11 of the `0_main_create_firm_data.do` and run it.\n   - Open `Replication.Rproj`, navigate to the `Code` folder, and run `Data_Compilation_Main.R` \n   - Update the working directory in line 26 of `Regression_SolarVietnam_FDI.do` and run it\n   - Open `Replication.Rproj`, navigate to the `Code` folder, and run `Figure_Table_Replication_Code.R` \n\nBecause some of the data is restricted are not included in the package, the package contains output files generated by the replicators in the folder `Descriptive`. These files can be used to review the results presented in the paper.","technology_environment":"Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:\n\u2022 OS: Windows 11 Enterprise\n\u2022 Processor: INTEL(R) XEON(R) PLATINUM 8562Y+ 2.80 GHz (2 processors)\n\u2022 Memory available: 128 GB","technology_requirements":"Runtime: 16 hours"},"datacite":{"creators":[{"givenName":"Pierre-Louis","familyName":"V\u00e9zina","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"King's College London","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]},{"givenName":"Meng Yu","familyName":"Ngov","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"WTO","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]},{"givenName":"Trang Thu","familyName":"Tran","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ae7jd04","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]},{"givenName":"Gaurav","familyName":"Nayyar","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ae7jd04","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]}],"titles":[{"lang":"en","title":"Reproducibility package for The Rise Of Viet Nam\u2019s Solar Panel Industry: Inputs, Fdi, And Spillovers"},{"title":"RR_ASI_2026_655","titleType":"Other"}],"publisher":"World Bank","publicationYear":"2026","types":{"resourceType":"Reproducibility package","resourceTypeGeneral":"Other"},"url":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/study\/RR_ASI_2026_655","language":"en"},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"},{"tag":"Open Code"},{"tag":"Restricted Data"}],"schematype":"script"}