{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DECDI","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2026-08-11","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Clemens Graf von Luckner","affiliation":"Stanford University","email":"cgvl@stanford.edu"},{"name":"Aart Kraay","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"akraay@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Rita Ramalho","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"rramalho@ifc.org"},{"name":"Sebastian Horn","affiliation":"Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW Kiel)","email":"sebastian.horn@ifw-kiel.de"}],"title_statement":{"title":"Reproducibility package for Predicting Debt Distress In Low-Income Countries","idno":"PP_WLD_2026_712"},"data_statement":"Some data is restricted and has not been included in the reproducibility package. For more details, please refer to the README file.","software":[{"name":"Stata","version":"19.5"},{"name":"Python","version":"3.12"}],"scripts":[{"title":"Reproducibility package for Predicting Debt Distress In Low-Income Countries","date":"2026-08","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.","instructions":"See README in reproducibility package.","file_name":"PP_WLD_2026_712","zip_package":"PP_WLD_2026_712.zip","dependencies":"Stata dependencies are listed in the ado folder. Python dependencies are listed in the requirements.txt file. "}],"repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"production_date":"2026-08-11","abstract":"We develop an empirical model to predict episodes of debt servicing difficulties (\u201cdebt distress\u201d) in low-income countries, with three main contributions to the existing literature. First, we develop more refined measures of external debt distress episodes that allow us to time the onset of distress episodes with increased precision. Second, we develop a systematic algorithm to comprehensively assess the out-of-sample predictive performance of more than 550,000 candidate binary prediction models using J-K-fold cross-validation. Third, we test whether more sophisticated machine learning algorithms can outperform simple probit models. We find that simple single-equation probit models have better predictive power for debt distress than more sophisticated algorithms and are comparable in terms of predictive performance to important policy benchmarks such as the current IMF and World Bank debt sustainability framework for low-income countries.\n","geographic_units":[{"name":"World","code":"WLD"}],"output":[{"title":"Predicting Debt Distress In Low-Income Countries"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"MIT License","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/mit"},{"name":"World Bank IGO Rider","uri":"https:\/\/github.com\/worldbank\/metadata-editor\/blob\/main\/WB-IGO-RIDER.md"}],"contacts":[{"name":"Clemens Graf von Luckner","affiliation":"Stanford University","email":"cgvl@stanford.edu"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}],"datasets":[{"name":"World Development Indicators","note":"Filenames: wdi_raw.dta, wdi_allvariables.dta. Indicators used: NY.GDP.MKTP.CD, NY.GDP.MKTP.KD, NY.GDP.PCAP.CD, NE.EXP.GNFS.CD, NE.IMP.GNFS.CD, BX.TRF.PWKR.CD.DT, FI.RES.TOTL.CD, BX.KLT.DINV.WD.GD.ZS, BN.CAB.XOKA.GD.ZS.","uri":"https:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/source\/world-development-indicators","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/","citation":"World Bank. 2024. \"World Development Indicators\" [dataset]. https:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/source\/world-development-indicators. Accessed March 2024."},{"name":"Country Policy and Institutional Assessment (CPIA)","note":"Filename: cpia_WDI.dta. Used as the institutional-quality predictor. The authors confirm that the CPIA time series and its components are treated as confidential by the World Bank; the vintage used in the analysis is not included in the reproducibility package. Public CPIA scores for IDA countries are available at the URI below. For more details, contact the authors at cgvl@stanford.edu.","uri":"https:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/source\/country-policy-and-institutional-assessment","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners\/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution, and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"World Bank. 2024. \"Country Policy and Institutional Assessment\" [dataset]. https:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/source\/country-policy-and-institutional-assessment. Accessed March 2024."},{"name":"World Economic Outlook database","note":"Filenames (raw): WEOApr2022all.xlsx, WEOApr2023all.csv, WEOOct2022all.xlsx, WEOOct2022_World.xlsx, WEO_selectedvars.xlsx, WEO_RevGrants.xlsx. Derived: weo_*.dta (weo_allvariables, weo_publicdata, weo_revenue, weo_worldgrowth, weo_BCA_GDP_BP6, weo_BFD_GDP_BP6, weo_BMGS_BP6, weo_BXG_BP6, weo_BXS_BP6, weo_ENDA, weo_IAR_BP6, WEO_rev_grants) and dsi.dta (WEO-derived debt-service-to-interest series). Multiple vintages. Series used include: NGDPD, NGDP_RPCH, BXS_BP6, BXGS_BP6, BMGS_BP6, GGR, GGRG, GGXWDG_NGDP, ENDA, BFD_GDP.","uri":"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/Publications\/WEO\/weo-database","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"IMF Copyright and Usage terms","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/external\/terms.htm","citation":"International Monetary Fund. 2024. \"World Economic Outlook Database\" [dataset]. https:\/\/www.imf.org\/en\/Publications\/WEO\/weo-database. Accessed March 2024."},{"name":"International Financial Statistics","note":"Filenames: IFS_full_annual.csv, IFS_fulldatabase.csv, IFS_fundaccounts.dta. Series used include HPG_XDR (net increase in Fund credit, general resource account) and HPQ_XDR (quota), used to construct the large-IMF-assistance distress signal.","uri":"https:\/\/data.imf.org\/en\/Datasets#t=coveo117bcfc4&sort=%40idata_publication_date%20descending&f:Topics=[International%20Financial%20Statistics%20(IFS)]","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"The Use of IMF Data","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/external\/terms.htm","citation":"International Monetary Fund. 2024. \"International Financial Statistics\" [dataset]. https:\/\/data.imf.org. Accessed March 2024."},{"name":"Penn World Table 10.01","note":"Filename: pwt1001.dta; pwt_realgdp.dta.","uri":"https:\/\/www.rug.nl\/ggdc\/productivity\/pwt\/","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/","citation":"Feenstra, Robert C., Robert Inklaar, and Marcel P. Timmer. 2015. \"Penn World Table 10.01\" [dataset]. https:\/\/www.rug.nl\/ggdc\/productivity\/pwt\/. Accessed March 2024."},{"name":"Global Database of Inflation","note":"Filename: Inflation_annual_Ohnsorge et al.dta. Series used: hcpi_a (annual headline CPI inflation). The data have since been updated. The original version used at the time of this analysis is retained in the package for transparency.","uri":"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/research\/brief\/inflation-database","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/","citation":"Ha, Jongrim, M. Ayhan Kose, and Franziska Ohnsorge. 2021. \"Global Database of Inflation\" [dataset]. https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/research\/brief\/inflation-database. Accessed March 2024."},{"name":"Commodity Terms of Trade database","note":"Filename: PCTOT_01-31-2023 17-39-02-21_timeSeries.csv. Country-specific commodity terms-of-trade indices over 45 commodities. The data have since been updated. The original version used at the time of this analysis is retained in the package for transparency.","uri":"https:\/\/data360.worldbank.org\/en\/int\/dataset\/IMF_PCTOT","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"IMF Copyright and Usage terms","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/external\/terms.htm","citation":"Gruss, Bertrand, and Suhaib Kebhaj. 2019. \"Commodity Terms of Trade: A New Database\" [dataset]. IMF Working Paper 2019\/021. Accessed March 2024."},{"name":"Sovereign Default Database","note":"Filename: FGR_SovereignDefaults.xlsx. Tracks defaults on private external creditors across 200 countries and 200 years; core source for the outright-default distress indicator. A list of variables for all of these datasets is included in the reproducibility package, for potential users to reach out to the authors.","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners\/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution, and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"Farah-Yacoub, Juan, Clemens Graf von Luckner, Rita Ramalho, and Carmen Reinhart. 2023. \"Sovereign Default Database\" [dataset]. Unpublished data. Accessed March 2024."},{"name":"BoC\u2013BoE Sovereign Default Database","note":"Filenames: boc_boe_default_data.xlsx (raw), boc_boe_default.dta (derived).","uri":"https:\/\/www.bankofcanada.ca\/2024\/07\/staff-analytical-note-2024-19\/","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Bank of Canada terms of use","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.bankofcanada.ca\/terms\/#1-Copyright-Permission-to-Reproduce","citation":"Beers, David, Obiageri Ndukwe, and Alex Charron. 2024. \"BoC\u2013BoE Sovereign Default Database\" [dataset]. https:\/\/www.bankofcanada.ca\/2024\/07\/staff-analytical-note-2024-19\/. Accessed March 2024."},{"name":"Historical Public Debt Database","note":"Filenames: abbas _ historical public debt.xlsx, abbas _ public debt.dta. Used to extend total public debt pre-1990s. Direct download here: http:\/\/www.imf.org\/external\/pubs\/ft\/wp\/2010\/data\/wp10245.zip. The data have since been updated. The original version used at the time of this analysis is retained in the package for transparency.","uri":"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/external\/datamapper\/datasets\/DEBT","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"IMF Copyright and Usage terms","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/external\/terms.htm","citation":"Abbas, S. Ali, Nazim Belhocine, Asmaa ElGanainy, and Mark Horton. 2010. \"A Historical Public Debt Database\" [dataset]. IMF Working Paper 10\/245. Accessed March 2024."},{"name":"Public Finances in Modern History 2023 update","note":"Filenames: Public Finances in Modern History Dec 2023.dta, mauro _ public finances in modern history.dta. Source of public debt interest payments; gaps filled from IMF WEO (dsi). The data have since been updated. The original version used at the time of this analysis is retained in the package for transparency.","uri":"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/external\/datamapper\/datasets\/FPP","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"IMF Copyright and Usage terms","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.imf.org\/external\/terms.htm","citation":"Mauro, Paolo, Rafael Romeu, Ariel Binder, and Asad Zaman. 2015. \"Public Finances in Modern History\" [dataset]. December 2023 update. https:\/\/www.imf.org\/external\/datamapper\/datasets\/FPP. Accessed March 2024."},{"name":"Debt-to-GDP Ratios Database","note":"Filenames: RR_publicdebt_A_E.xlsx, RR_publicdebt_F_M.xlsx, RR_publicdebt_M_S.xlsx, RR_publicdebt_T_Z.xlsx (raw); rr_pubdebt.dta and the country-level rr_pubdebt_*.dta files (derived). Public debt series used to extend total public debt pre-1990s.","uri":"https:\/\/carmenreinhart.com\/data\/","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Public file","license_uri":"https:\/\/carmenreinhart.com\/debt-to-gdp-ratios\/","citation":"Reinhart, Carmen M., and Kenneth S. Rogoff. 2011. \"Debt-to-GDP Ratios\" [dataset]. https:\/\/carmenreinhart.com\/debt-to-gdp-ratios. Accessed March 2024."},{"name":"Reinhart\u2013Rogoff exchange rate database","note":"Filename: FX_Reinhart_and_Rogoff.dta. Source of the nominal exchange-rate variable. Variables were provided by Carmen Reinhart. https:\/\/carmenreinhart.com\/. A list of variables included in the dataset is included in the reproducibility package for interested users. ","uri":"https:\/\/carmenreinhart.com\/exchange-rates-official-and-parallel\/","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners\/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution, and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"Reinhart, Carmen M., and Kenneth S. Rogoff. 2024. \"Exchange Rates: Official and Parallel\" [dataset]. Unpublished data. Accessed March 2024."},{"name":"Hidden Defaults database","note":"Filename: HRT_HiddenDefaults_ReplicationFile.xlsx. ","uri":"https:\/\/www.openicpsr.org\/openicpsr\/project\/162501\/version\/V1\/view","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/","citation":"Horn, Sebastian, Reinhart, Carmen M., and Trebesch, Christoph. Data and Code for: Hidden Defaults by Horn, Reinhart and Trebesch. Nashville, TN: American Economic Association [publisher], 2022. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2022-04-07. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3886\/E162501V1"},{"name":"Database of Political Institutions 2020","note":"Filename: dpi2020.dta, dpi2020_thin.dta. Variables used: yrsoffc (years chief executive in office), yrscurnt (years left in current term), 1975\u20132020, extended\/extrapolated as described in the README.","uri":"https:\/\/publications.iadb.org\/en\/database-political-institutions-2020-dpi2020","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Creative Commons Attribution\u2013NonCommercial\u2013NoDerivs 3.0 IGO","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0\/igo\/","citation":"Cruz, Cesi, Philip Keefer, and Carlos Scartascini. 2021. \"Database of Political Institutions 2020\" [dataset]. Inter-American Development Bank. https:\/\/publications.iadb.org\/en\/database-political-institutions-2020-dpi2020. Accessed March 2024."},{"name":"World Bank International Debt Statistics","note":"Filenames: IDS_ArrearsData_Dec22.xlsx, IDS_prepared.dta, ids _ debt data raw.dta, r _ interest on new commitments _ ids.xlsx. Series used include: DT.DOD.DPPG.CD, DT.DOD.DPPG.DT, DT.AXA.DLXF.CD, DT.IXA.DLXF.CD.","uri":"https:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/source\/international-debt-statistics","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/","citation":"World Bank. 2024. \"International Debt Statistics\" [dataset]. https:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/source\/international-debt-statistics. Accessed March 2024."},{"name":"World Bank International Debt Statistics \u2014 internal projected debt service","note":"Filenames: Projected debt service _ from IDS.xlsx, NPV data series 2015-2021 - by Countries (produced as of March 8 2023).xlsx. Internal World Bank IDS products (projected debt service; net present value series at a 5% discount rate) that are not distributed through the public IDS databank and are not included in the reproducibility package. A list of variables for all of these datasets is included in the reproducibility package, for potential users to reach out to the authors.","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners\/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution, and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"World Bank. 2023. \"International Debt Statistics \u2014 internal projected debt service and net present value series\" [dataset]. Unpublished data. Accessed March 2024."},{"name":"10-Year Treasury Constant Maturity Rate","note":"Filename: FRED _ US 10 year yield.xlsx, us_10y_yield.dta. Series used: DGS10.","uri":"https:\/\/fred.stlouisfed.org\/series\/DGS10","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"FRED Terms of Use","license_uri":"https:\/\/fred.stlouisfed.org\/legal\/","citation":"Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (US), retrieved from FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. 2024. \"Market Yield on U.S. Treasury Securities at 10-Year Constant Maturity (DGS10)\" [dataset]. https:\/\/fred.stlouisfed.org\/series\/DGS10. Accessed March 2024."},{"name":"IMF Fund Arrangements","note":"Filename: Fund Arrangements 1952-present.xlsx. Internal IMF extract shared with the authors.  A list of variables for all of these datasets is included in the reproducibility package, for potential users to reach out to the authors.","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners\/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution, and it is not included in the reproducibility package. ","citation":"International Monetary Fund. 2024. \"IMF Fund Arrangements\" [dataset]. Internal extract shared with the authors. Unpublished data. Accessed March 2024."},{"name":"The International Monetary Fund: 70 Years of Reinvention","note":"Program timing for non-concessional IMF programs, matched to monthly IFS Fund-credit data to construct the large-IMF-assistance signal. Variables were provided by Carmen Reinhart. https:\/\/carmenreinhart.com\/. A list of variables included in the dataset is included in the reproducibility package for interested users. ","uri":"https:\/\/carmenreinhart.com\/data\/","access_type":"Data is publicly available but does not allow redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"Reinhart, Carmen M., and Christoph Trebesch. 2016. \"The International Monetary Fund: 70 Years of Reinvention\" [dataset]. https:\/\/carmenreinhart.com\/data\/. Accessed March 2024."},{"name":"Domestic Debt Restructuring Database","note":"Filenames: imf _ domestic debt database.dta, DDR CR dataset_updated.xlsx. A list of variables for all of these datasets is included in the reproducibility package, for potential users to reach out to the authors.","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners\/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution, and it is not included in the reproducibility package. ","citation":"International Monetary Fund. 2021. \"Domestic Debt Restructuring Database\" [dataset]. Unpublished data. Accessed March 2024."},{"name":"Worldwide Governance Indicators","note":"Filename: wgidataset.dta, wgi_gee.dta.","uri":"https:\/\/www.govindicators.org","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/ext\/en\/legal\/terms-conditions\/datasets","citation":"Kaufmann, Daniel, and Aart Kraay. 2024. \"Worldwide Governance Indicators\" [dataset]. World Bank. https:\/\/www.govindicators.org. Accessed March 2024."},{"name":"2017 Debt Sustainability Framework Database","note":"Filename: data input\/DSF_2016_external_8May2017.dta (vintage 8 May 2017). Internal World Bank\u2013IMF product used to fill coverage gaps in otherwise-public series (see script \"merge all variables\"). Source of confidentiality affects all the merged databases (licdsf_final_database, licdsf_alldata.dta, 2017dsfpredsampledata.dta). Data is confidential and not included in the reproducibility package; the authors do not have approval to redistribute this source. A list of variables for all of these datasets is included in the reproducibility package, for potential users to reach out to the authors.","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners\/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution, and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"International Monetary Fund and World Bank. 2017. \"2017 Debt Sustainability Framework Database\" [dataset]. Unpublished data. Internal confidential database, vintage 8 May 2017. Accessed March 2024."},{"name":"Debt-distress Indicators Non-confidential Data Extract","note":"Filename: non_confidential_data_extract.dta. Debt-distress dependent variables extracted from the merged database via script \"From confidential to public data version\". This is the dataset shipped in the public deposit, together with the estimated-model result files (output\/RHS_Selector_result_filtered_t1.csv and _t12345.csv).","access_type":"Data is included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"Authors' compilation. 2026. \"Debt-distress Indicators Non-confidential Data Extract\" [dataset]."}],"reproduction_instructions":"To reproduce the findings in this paper, a new user needs to do the following: \n\n1. Obtain the restricted data required for the analysis. See the data section for more details. \n2. Set the top-level path global in `master` do file.\n3. Create the Python environment from `requirements.txt` or `environment.yml`.\n4. Set the `BASE_PATH` global at the top of both analysis notebooks \u2014 this is the single path each notebook requires:\n   - `model_analyses_Mar2026.ipynb`\n   - `appendix_exercises_Mar2026.ipynb`\n5. Run `model_analyses` with `depvar = 't12345'` and `apply_filter = 1` to reproduce Table 3 (the sensitivity-filtered five-year models). Note: the default `apply_filter = 0` produces the unconstrained set instead.\n**Note:** Most of the analysis relies on confidential data. The package contains the outputs generated by the replicators for interested users to compare against the published paper.","technology_requirements":"Runtime: 10 minutes. ","technology_environment":"Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:\n\u2022 OS: macOS 26.5.2 (Darwin)\n\u2022 Processor: Apple M4 Pro\n\u2022 Memory available: 24.0 GB\n","keywords":[{"name":"sovereign debt"},{"name":"default"},{"name":"financial crisis"},{"name":"prediction"},{"name":"low-income countries"}],"topics":[{"id":"F34","vocabulary":"JEL Classifications","name":" International Lending and Debt Problems ","url":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","parent_id":"F3"},{"id":"F21","vocabulary":"JEL Classifications","name":" International Investment; Long-term Capital Movements ","url":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","parent_id":"F2"},{"id":"H63","vocabulary":"JEL Classifications","name":" National Debt; Debt Management; Sovereign Debt ","url":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","parent_id":"H6"},{"id":"C50","vocabulary":"JEL Classifications","name":" Econometric Modeling: General ","url":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","parent_id":"C5"},{"id":"C01","vocabulary":"JEL Classifications","name":" Econometrics ","url":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","parent_id":"C"},{"id":"O10","vocabulary":"JEL Classifications","name":" Economic Development: General ","url":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","parent_id":"O"}]},"datacite":{"creators":[{"givenName":"Clemens","familyName":"Graf von Luckner","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00f54p054"}]},{"givenName":"Aart","familyName":"Kraay","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ae7jd04","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]},{"givenName":"Rita","familyName":"Ramalho","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ae7jd04","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]},{"givenName":"Sebastian","familyName":"Horn","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW Kiel)","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/032yym934"}]}],"titles":[{"lang":"en","title":"Reproducibility package for Predicting Debt Distress In Low-Income Countries"},{"title":"PP_WLD_2026_712","titleType":"Other"}],"publisher":"World Bank","publicationYear":"2026","types":{"resourceType":"Reproducibility package","resourceTypeGeneral":"Other"},"url":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/study\/PP_WLD_2026_712","language":"en"},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"},{"tag":"Open Code"},{"tag":"Restricted Data"}],"schematype":"script"}