{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DECDI","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2026-08-17","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Shu Yu","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"syu2@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Abdul A Erumban","affiliation":"Groningen Growth and Development Center, University of Groningen.","email":"a.a.erumban@rug.nl"},{"name":"Gaurav Nayyar","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"gnayyar@worldbank.org"}],"title_statement":{"title":"Reproducibility package for Intangible Capital And Labor Income: Firm-Level Evidence From India","idno":"RR_IND_2026_729"},"data_statement":"Some data is restricted and has not been included in the reproducibility package. For more details, please refer to the README file.","software":[{"name":"Stata","version":"19.5 MP"}],"scripts":[{"title":"Reproducibility package for Intangible Capital And Labor Income: Firm-Level Evidence From India","date":"2026-08","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.","instructions":"See README in reproducibility package.","file_name":"RR_IND_2026_729","zip_package":"RR_IND_2026_729.zip","dependencies":"Stata dependencies are listed in the ado folder."}],"repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"production_date":"2026-08-17","abstract":"The relationship between capital deepening and labor income shares is much studied. However, there is little evidence on how traditional forms of capital, such as machinery and equipment, and intangible \u2018knowledge-based\u2019 capital, such as software, research and development (R&D), organizational culture, and brand value, differentially affect labor income, particularly in developing economies. Using balance sheet data from over 30,000 companies in India between 2001 and 2021, this paper finds a significant positive relationship between both tangible and intangible capital, on the one hand, and labor income share, on the other hand. The positive relationship between intangible capital assets and labor income share can be attributed to the positive impact of intangibles on both labor productivity and employment, which is indicative of complementarities with jobs. Furthermore, the positive link between intangible capital assets and labor income share is stronger for firms operating in sectors with high skill, R&D, or ICT intensity, which is indicative of complementarities with skills.","geographic_units":[{"name":"India","code":"IND"}],"keywords":[{"name":"Intangible Capital"},{"name":"Firm"},{"name":"Labor Income"},{"name":"Labor Productivity"},{"name":"India"}],"topics":[{"id":"D24","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":" Production; Cost; Capital; Capital, Total Factor, and Multifactor Productivity; Capacity ","url":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","parent_id":"D2"},{"id":"E22","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":" Investment; Capital; Intangible Capital; Capacity ","url":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","parent_id":"E2"},{"id":"E24","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":" Employment; Unemployment; Wages; Intergenerational Income Distribution; Aggregate Human Capital; Aggregate Labor Productivity ","url":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","parent_id":"E2"},{"id":"J30","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":" Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: General ","url":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","parent_id":"J3"}],"output":[{"type":"Working Paper","description":"Policy Research Working Papers (PRWP)","title":"Intangible Capital And Labor Income: Firm-Level Evidence From India"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"technology_requirements":"Run time: ~ 30 minutes","disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"MIT License","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/mit"},{"name":"World Bank IGO Rider","uri":"https:\/\/github.com\/worldbank\/metadata-editor\/blob\/main\/WB-IGO-RIDER.md"}],"contacts":[{"name":"Shu Yu","affiliation":"World Bank ","email":"syu2@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}],"datasets":[{"name":"India KLEMS Database","note":"File location: $input_data\\KLEMS_stata.dta. Industry-level productivity database for India (July 2024 release). ","access_type":"Data is publicly available but does not allow redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","license":"RBI Terms of Use","license_uri":"https:\/\/rbi.org.in\/Scripts\/Disclaimer.aspx","uri":"https:\/\/rbi.org.in\/Scripts\/KLEMS.aspx","citation":"Reserve Bank of India. 2024. \"India KLEMS Database, July 2024 Release.\" [dataset]. https:\/\/rbidocs.rbi.org.in\/rdocs\/content\/docs\/INDIAKLEMS08072024.xlsx. Accessed July 2024."},{"name":"Industry-Level Skill-Share Dataset","note":"File location: $input_data\\EmpWGbyEDU.dta. Authors' derived industry-level skill-share measures, constructed from unit-level employment data from the National Statistical Office (NSO) Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) and earlier NSSO Employment and Unemployment Surveys, combined with the India KLEMS July 2024 database. Only the derived industry-level file and the code to construct it are covered here; the underlying PLFS\/NSSO unit-level microdata is not redistributed and must be requested separately through the MoSPI Microdata Archive. The code used to aggregate the raw microdata into this file is not available, as that work was done in collaboration with a colleague from the India KLEMS team.","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners\/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","license":"MoSPI Microdata Archive Terms of Use","uri":"https:\/\/microdata.gov.in","citation":"National Statistical Office (NSO), Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI). \"Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS), Unit Level Data (various rounds).\" [dataset]. https:\/\/microdata.gov.in\/NADA\/index.php\/catalog\/PLFS\/?page=1&sort_order=desc&ps=15&repo=PLFS. Accessed July 2024."},{"name":"ProwessDX Firm-Level Financial Data (India)","note":"File location: $input_data\\WB_Intan_India_MASTER.dta. Raw firm-level annual financial statement data for Indian companies, including firm identifiers, contact information, industry\/sector classification codes, income\/sales\/expense\/asset\/employment variables, ownership structure, and sectoral mappings\/deflators linked to KLEMS. Accessed under the University of Groningen's institutional (IP-based) ProwessDX subscription, which grants non-exclusive, non-commercial research access and prohibits redistribution of the underlying data. Only code and documentation are included in the reproducibility package; the proprietary data file is not included.","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners\/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","license":"CMIE ProwessDX Subscription License","license_uri":"https:\/\/prowessdx.cmie.com\/kommon\/bin\/sr.php?kall=wagreepp&tab=agree","uri":"https:\/\/prowessdx.cmie.com","citation":"Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE). \"ProwessDX\" [database]. Mumbai, India: CMIE. https:\/\/prowessdx.cmie.com. Accessed April 2023."}],"technology_environment":"Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:\n\u2022 OS: Windows 11 Enterprise 25H2\n\u2022 Processor: Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 6226R CPU @ 2.90GHz (2 processors)\n\u2022 Memory available: 16.0 G","reproduction_instructions":"To reproduce the findings in this paper, a replicator must:\n1. **Secure Access to Data:** Access the datasets not included in the package. See the Datasets section for more details.\n2. **Run the Package:** Update the working directory in line 7 of `Master_ACTIVE.do`, and run it.\n\nSince not all the data is included, the package includes the results produced by replicators. These files can be used to review the results presented in the paper."},"datacite":{"creators":[{"givenName":"Shu","familyName":"Yu","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ae7jd04","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]},{"givenName":"Abdul A","familyName":"Erumban","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"Groningen Growth and Development Center, University of Groningen.","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/012p63287","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]},{"givenName":"Gaurav","familyName":"Nayyar","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ae7jd04","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]}],"titles":[{"lang":"en","title":"Reproducibility package for Intangible Capital And Labor Income: Firm-Level Evidence From India"},{"title":"RR_IND_2026_729","titleType":"Other"}],"publisher":"World Bank","publicationYear":"2026","types":{"resourceType":"Reproducibility package","resourceTypeGeneral":"Other"},"url":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/study\/RR_IND_2026_729","language":"en"},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"},{"tag":"Open Code"},{"tag":"Restricted Data"}],"schematype":"script"}