{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DECDI","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2026-08-19","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Nga Thi Viet Nguyen","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"nnguyen3@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Henry Stemmler","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"hstemmler@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Eduard Bukin","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"ebukin@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Ben James Brunckhorst","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"bbrunckhorst@worldbank.org"}],"title_statement":{"title":"Reproducibility package for People, Jobs, And Places: \nA Spatial Analysis Of Welfare Disparities In Low- And Middle-Income Countries","idno":"FR_WLD_2026_682"},"data_statement":"Some data is restricted and has not been included in the reproducibility package. For more details, refer to the README file.","software":[{"name":"R","version":"4.5.1"}],"scripts":[{"title":"Reproducibility package for People, Jobs, And Places: \nA Spatial Analysis Of Welfare Disparities In Low- And Middle-Income Countries","date":"2026-08","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.","instructions":"See README in reproducibility package.","file_name":"FR_WLD_2026_682","zip_package":"FR_WLD_2026_682.zip","dependencies":"R dependencies are listed in the file renv.lock."}],"repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"production_date":"2026-08-19","abstract":"Spatial disparities in welfare are pervasive across low- and middle-income countries, with important implications for the targeting and design of policies spanning human capital investment, infrastructure development, industrial policy, and migration \u2014 yet their drivers remain poorly understood, in part due to data and methodological constraints that limit the application of frameworks developed for high-income country contexts. This paper develops and applies an empirical framework adapted to these settings, combining a modified two-stage approach following Combes, Duranton, and Gobillon (2008) to estimate and explain location fixed effects with a variance decomposition following Gibbons, Overman, and Pelkonen (2014) to quantify the relative contributions of worker characteristics, industry composition, local endowments, and unexplained place effects to spatial welfare inequality. The framework draws on geocoded household surveys and globally consistent geospatial datasets, and is applied to Ecuador and Mali as initial country case studies \u2014 selected on the basis of active country dialogue on spatial and distributional issues, the availability of suitable household survey and geospatial data, and coverage across regions and income levels. The framework is designed as a scalable, replicable tool for spatial welfare analysis across low- and middle-income country contexts.","geographic_units":[{"name":"World","code":"WLD"}],"keywords":[{"name":"Spatial Disparities"},{"name":"Poverty"},{"name":"Income"},{"name":"Labor Market"},{"name":"Industry"}],"output":[{"description":" World Bank Reports & Flagship","title":"People, Jobs, And Places: \nA Spatial Analysis Of Welfare Disparities In Low- And Middle-Income Countries","type":"Flagship & Reports"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"MIT License","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/mit"},{"name":"World Bank IGO Rider","uri":"https:\/\/github.com\/worldbank\/metadata-editor\/blob\/main\/WB-IGO-RIDER.md"}],"contacts":[{"name":"Nga Thi Viet Nguyen","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"nnguyen3@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}],"datasets":[{"name":"Global Monitoring Data \u2014 Mali","note":"Source: World Bank Global Monitoring Database (GMD), downloaded by the code via the DataLibWeb R package. Accessible only for World Bank staff.\nSurvey years: 2018 and 2021.\nAccess date: Data was downloaded by the code on July 7, 2026.\nFile location: \"data\/raw\/gmd_*\/\"","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners\/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package. Available to World Bank Staff only.","license":"Custom license","citation":"SSATSD (2026). GMD Ex-post Harmonization. Countries\/Survey IDs: Mali 2018; Mali 2021. As of 07\/07\/2026 via datalibweb R Package."},{"name":"Mali Harmonized Survey on Households Living Standards (EHCVM - Enqu\u00eate Harmonis\u00e9e sur le Conditions de Vie des M\u00e9nages) ","note":"Source: Mali Statistics Office. The version used is a harmonized version produced by the World Bank country team confidentially shared by the Poverty Economist of Mali. Please contact Johannes Hoogeveen (jhoogeveen@worldbank.org) for access to the datasets. \nYear: 2021.\nAccess date: November 14, 2025.\nFile location: \"spat-disp-insight-data\/MLI\/private\/\"\nFile names: \"ehcvm_menage_MLI2021.dta\"; \"s19_me_MLI2021.dta\"; \"s05_me_MLI2021.dta\"; \"s13_2_me_MLI2021.dta\"; \"s15_me_MLI2021.dta\".","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners\/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Custom license","citation":"Institut National de la Statistique (INSTAT), Mali. Enqu\u00eate Harmonis\u00e9e sur les Conditions de Vie des M\u00e9nages- EHCVM, Mali 2021 [dataset]. Accessed November 14, 2025."},{"name":"Enterprise Census Data (Recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral des unit\u00e9s \u00e9conomiques - RGUE) - Mali","note":"Source: Mali Statistics Office. The version used was shared by the Poverty Economist of Mali. Please contact Johannes Hoogeveen (jhoogeveen@worldbank.org) for access to the datasets.\nAccess date: February 10, 2026.\nFile location: \"spat-disp-insight-data\/MLI\/private\/Enterprise census\/\"\nFile name: \"QG_M2a_Global.sav\"","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners\/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution, and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Custom license","citation":"Institut National de la Statistique (INSTAT), Mali. Recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral des unit\u00e9s \u00e9conomiques [dataset]. Accessed February 10, 2026."},{"name":"Mali age and sex structures 2020","note":"Source: WorldPop Open Spatial Demographic Data and Research.\nYear: 2020.\nAccess date: Data included was downloaded by the code on July 7, 2026.\nFile location: \"spat-disp-insight-main\/data\/raw\/MLI\/worldpop\/\".\nFile names: 20 .tif files following the pattern mli_{sex}_{age}_2020_constrained_UNadj.tif (10 age bands 15\u201360, male and female).","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License","license_url":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0","uri":"https:\/\/data.worldpop.org\/GIS\/AgeSex_structures\/Global_2000_2020_Constrained_UNadj","citation":"Bondarenko M., Kerr D., Sorichetta A., and Tatem, A.J. 2020. Estimates of total number of people per grid square, adjusted to match the corresponding UNPD 2020 estimates and broken down by gender and age groupings, produced using Ecopia.AI and Maxar Technologies building footprints. WorldPop, University of Southampton, UK. doi:10.5258\/SOTON\/WP00699","license_uri":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"name":"Global Human Settlement Layer \u2013 Built-up Surface (GHS-BUILT-S)","note":"Source: Joint Research Centre (JRC), European Commission. Accessed in-memory via GDAL virtual file system (\/vsizip\/\/vsicurl\/). The raster is streamed directly \u2014 no file is downloaded or saved to disk. \nAccess date: June 10, 2026.\nFile name: \"GHS_WUP_BUILT_S_E2020_GLOBE_R2025A_4326_30ss_V1-0.tif\"","access_type":"Data is publicly available but not included in the reproducibility package due to file size constraints.","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)","license_url":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/","uri":"https:\/\/jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu\/ftp\/jrc-opendata\/GHSL\/GHS_WUP_BUILT_S_GLOBE_R2025A\/","citation":"Joint Research Centre (JRC), European Commission. Global Human Settlement Layer (GHSL) R2025A \u2014 Built-up Surface (GHS-BUILT-S), 2020 [dataset]. https:\/\/jeodpp.jrc.ec.europa.eu\/ftp\/jrc-opendata\/GHSL\/GHS_WUP_BUILT_S_GLOBE_R2025A\/. Accessed June 10, 2026.","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"name":"Mali - Administrative boundaries (levels 1-3)","note":"Source: Humanitarian Data Exchange (HDX).\nAccess year: 2026.\nFile location: \"spat-disp-insight-data\/MLI\/mli_adm_1m_dnct_2021_shp\/\"","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Creative Commons Attribution International (CC-BY)","license_url":"https:\/\/docs.humdata.org\/about\/data-licenses","uri":"https:\/\/data.humdata.org\/dataset\/mali-admin-boundaries-level-1-2-and-3-including-2017-population-desagregated-by-sexe","citation":"Humanitarian Data Exchange (HDX). Mali - Administrative boundaries (levels 1-3) with population figures. [dataset]. https:\/\/data.humdata.org\/dataset\/mali-admin-boundaries-level-1-2-and-3-including-2017-population-desagregated-by-sexe. Accessed 2026.","license_uri":"https:\/\/docs.humdata.org\/about\/data-licenses"},{"name":"Agro-Ecological Zones shapefile (GAEZ)","note":"Source: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Global Agro-Ecological Zones (GAEZ) Portal.\nAccess date: February 10, 2026.\nFile location: \"spat-disp-insight-data\/MLI\/agrizones\/\"\nFile name: \"_Zones_Agroclimatiques_WGS84.shp\"","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Custom license","license_url":"https:\/\/gaez.fao.org\/pages\/disclaimer","uri":"https:\/\/gaez.fao.org\/datasets\/-zones-agroclimatiques-de-mali","citation":"Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Global Agro-Ecological Zones (GAEZ) shapefile \u2014 Zones Agro-climatiques, Mali [dataset]. https:\/\/gaez.fao.org\/datasets\/-zones-agroclimatiques-de-mali. Accessed February 10, 2026.","license_uri":"https:\/\/gaez.fao.org\/pages\/disclaimer"},{"name":"World Bank country classifications","note":"Source: World Bank, Global Poverty & Inequality Data team (GPID).\nAccess year: 2026.\nFile name: \"CLASS.dta\"","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","uri":"https:\/\/github.com\/GPID-WB\/Class\/blob\/master\/OutputData\/CLASS.dta","citation":"Global Poverty and Inequality Data Lab (GPID), World Bank. (2026). CLASS [Dataset]. Available at: https:\/\/github.com\/GPID-WB\/Class\/blob\/master\/OutputData\/CLASS.dta. Accessed in 2026."},{"name":"Ecuador Annual National Employment, Unemployment, and Underemployment Survey (Encuesta Nacional de Empleo, Desempleo y Subempleo \u2013 ENEMDU)","note":"Source: Ecuador National Institute of Statistics and Censuses (Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica y Censos \u2013 INEC). The version used is a harmonized version produced by the World Bank country team and confidentially shared by the Poverty Economist of Ecuador. Please contact Gustavo Javier Canavire Bacarreza gcanavire@worldbank.org for access to the datasets. \nYears: 2016\u20132024.\nAccess year: December 2025.\nFile location: \"spat-disp-insight-data\/ECU\/hh-dta\/part-0.parquet\"","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners\/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Custom license","citation":"Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica y Censos (INEC), Ecuador. Encuesta Nacional de Empleo, Desempleo y Subempleo (ENEMDU), Ecuador 2016\u20132024 [dataset]. https:\/\/www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec\/enemdu-anual\/. Accessed December 2025."},{"name":"Ecuador Administrative Subnational Data on Production, Consumption and Taxes","note":"Source: Data is a product of harmonization made by the country team and is not publicly available. Data was confidentially shared by the Poverty Economist of Ecuador. Please contact Gustavo Javier Canavire Bacarreza gcanavire@worldbank.org for access to the datasets.\nYears: 2017\u20132023.\nAccess year: December 2025.\nFile location: \"spat-disp-insight-data\/ECU\/prod-cons-dta\/part-0.parquet\", \"spat-disp-insight-data\/ECU\/tax-dta\/part-0.parquet\"","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners\/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Custom license"},{"name":"Ecuador Population and Housing Census (Censo de Poblaci\u00f3n y Vivienda \u2013 CPV)","note":"Source: Ecuador National Institute of Statistics and Censuses (Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica y Censos \u2013 INEC). The version used was confidentially shared by the Poverty Economist of Ecuador. Please contact Gustavo Javier Canavire Bacarreza gcanavire@worldbank.org for access to the datasets.\nYears: 2001, 2010, and 2022.\nAccess year: February 2026.\nFile location (2001): \"spat-disp-insight-data\/ECU\/Censos\/BBD_CPV_2001_NACIONAL_CON_CORRESP_2022_SPSS\/CPV_2001_poblacion_Nacional_corresp2022.sav\"\nFile location (2010): \"spat-disp-insight-data\/ECU\/Censos\/BBD_CPV_2010_NACIONAL_CON_CORRESP_2022_SPSS\/CPV_2010_poblacion_Nacional_corresp2022.sav\"\nFile location (2022): \"spat-disp-insight-data\/ECU\/Censos\/BDD_CPV2022_SECTOR_SAV\/BDD_CPV2022_SECTOR_SAV\/CPV_Poblaci\u00f3n_2022_Nacional_Sector.sav\"","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners\/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"INEC. (2001, 2010, 2022). Censo de Poblaci\u00f3n y Vivienda \u2014 CPV [dataset]. Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica y Censos. https:\/\/www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec\/. Accessed February 2026."},{"name":"Ecuador Administrative Boundaries","note":"Source: Ecuador National Electoral Council (Consejo Nacional Electoral \u2013 CNE). The version used was confidentially shared by the Poverty Economist of Ecuador. Please contact Gustavo Javier Canavire Bacarreza gcanavire@worldbank.org for access to the datasets.\nAccess year: February 2026.\nFile location 1: \"spat-disp-insight-data\/ECU\/LIMITE_PARROQUIAL_CONALI_CNE_2022\/LIMITE_PARROQUIAL_CONALI_CNE_2022.shp\"\nFile location 2: \"spat-disp-insight-data\/ECU\/Shapefile CNE - Ecuador\/sector_censal_parr\/sector_censal_parr.shp\"","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners\/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"Consejo Nacional Electoral (CNE). 2022. Ecuador Administrative Boundary Shapefiles \u2014 CONALI 2022 [dataset]. CNE. https:\/\/www.arcgis.com\/home\/item.html?id=48b3a76be08e4eb8b2bbae542fb04da9. Accessed February 2026."},{"name":"H3 Hexagon-Level Zonal Statistics for Ecuador","note":"Source: World Bank Data Library Web (DLW), Global Monitoring Database (GMD). Data is only available for GMD developers.\nAccess date: February 2026.\nFile location: \"spat-disp-insight-data\/ECU\/h3-ecu-dta\/part-0.parquet\"","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners\/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Custom license","citation":"LACTSD (2026). GMD H3 Hexagon-Level Zonal Statistics for Ecuador. Countries\/Survey IDs: Ecuador 2026. As of February 2026."}],"technology_requirements":"Runtime: ~2 hours.","technology_environment":"Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:\n\u2022 OS: Windows 11 Enterprise\n\u2022 Processor: Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 6226R CPU @ 2.90GHz\n\u2022 Memory available: 32.0 GB","reproduction_instructions":"To reproduce the findings in this paper, a replicator must:\n1. **Secure Access to Data:** Access the datasets not included in the package. See the Datasets section for more details.\n2. **Run the Package:**\n  - Open the R project `spat-disp-insight-main\/spat-disp-insight-main.Rproj`. \n  - Restore the environment by running renv::restore() and following the prompts.\n  - Specify the path to data folder by defining the `fldr_dta_root` in the line 110 of `spat-disp-insight-main\/vignettes\/01-setup.R`\n  - Get access to the Data LibWeb following the instructions in the README. DLW access is restricted to World Bank Group staff and consultants with a valid WB network account. Contact the data-access contacts listed in the README for alternative arrangements.\n  - Run `spat-disp-insight-main\/vignettes\/00-master.R`.\n\nSince not all the original data can be redistributed, the package includes the outputs produced by the authors, which can be used to review the results presented in the paper."},"datacite":{"creators":[{"givenName":"Nga Thi Viet","familyName":"Nguyen","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ae7jd04","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]},{"givenName":"Henry","familyName":"Stemmler","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ae7jd04","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]},{"givenName":"Eduard","familyName":"Bukin","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ae7jd04","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]},{"givenName":"Ben James","familyName":"Brunckhorst","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ae7jd04","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]}],"titles":[{"lang":"en","title":"Reproducibility package for People, Jobs, And Places: \nA Spatial Analysis Of Welfare Disparities In Low- And Middle-Income Countries"},{"title":"FR_WLD_2026_682","titleType":"Other"}],"publisher":"World Bank","publicationYear":"2026","types":{"resourceType":"Reproducibility package","resourceTypeGeneral":"Other"},"url":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/study\/FR_WLD_2026_682","language":"en"},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"},{"tag":"Open Code"},{"tag":"Restricted Data"}],"schematype":"script"}