{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DECDI","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2025-12-17","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Paola Marcela Ballon Fernandez","affiliation":"University of Oxford; Opportunity Development Agency Centre","email":"pballon@oda-global.org"},{"name":"Julia Constanze Braunmiller","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"jbraunmiller@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Omar Santos Alburqueque Chavez","affiliation":"Opportunity Development Agency Centre","email":"oalburquequechav@oda-global.org"}],"title_statement":{"title":"Reproducibility package for Drivers And Trends For The Equality Of Opportunity For Sexual And Gender Minorities: A Panel Approach","idno":"RR_WLD_2025_503"},"data_statement":"All data sources are publicly available but not all are included in the reproducibility package. For more details, please refer to the README file. ","software":[{"name":"R","version":"4.5.1"},{"name":"Stata","version":"19.5 MP"}],"scripts":[{"title":"Reproducibility package for Drivers And Trends For The Equality Of Opportunity For Sexual And Gender Minorities: A Panel Approach","date":"2025-12","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.","instructions":"See README in reproducibility package.","file_name":"RR_WLD_2025_503","zip_package":"RR_WLD_2025_503.zip","dependencies":"R dependencies are listed in the file renv.lock. Stata dependencies are listed in the ado folder."}],"repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"production_date":"2025-12-17","abstract":"This paper examines the long-run evolution of de jure legal inclusion for sexual and gender minorities and analyzes its structural and institutional drivers. The study used the Equality of Opportunity for Sexual and Gender Minorities measurement framework to construct a panel data set of 133 legal and policy questions for 64 countries from 1961 to 2024. Feature-based time-series clustering identifies three trajectories: limited progress, reversals, and low inclusion; gradual improvement and moderate inclusion; and accelerated progress and high inclusion. Legal inclusion for sexual and gender minorities has risen faster since the late 1990s, but the gains have been uneven across countries and domains, with weaker progress in hate-crime protections and varying outcomes in decriminalization. The paper uses panel data models to examine the drivers of legal inclusion. The estimates identify participatory democracy and interpersonal globalization as positive drivers of higher levels of legal inclusion for sexual and gender minorities, with domain-level results showing that these drivers have operated unevenly across services, labor markets, civil and political inclusion, and hate-crime protections. The economic development channel has played a more limited role, appearing mainly in the services and social protection domain. Colonial condition\u2013legal system classifications have mattered most for the decriminalization domain, where inherited penal provisions have directly shaped the persistence of legal exclusion. Overall, the results suggest that legal reform should respond to countries\u2019 trajectories, domain-specific gaps, and inherited legal constraints, rather than relying on income growth as a substitute for rights-based legal change.","geographic_units":[{"name":"World","code":"WLD"}],"keywords":[{"name":"Eqosogi Score"},{"name":"Sogiesc Legal Inclusion"},{"name":"Time Series Clustering"},{"name":"Panel Data"},{"name":"Instrumental Variables"}],"topics":[{"id":"K38","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Human Rights Law \u2022 Gender Law \u2022 Animal Rights Law","parent_id":"K3"},{"id":"J15","name":"Economics of Minorities, Races, Indigenous Peoples, and Immigrants \u2022 Non-labor Discrimination","parent_id":"J1","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel"},{"id":" C23","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Panel Data Models \u2022 Spatio-temporal Models","parent_id":"C2"},{"id":"C26","parent_id":"C2","name":"Instrumental Variables (IV) Estimation","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel"},{"id":"C38","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Classification Methods \u2022 Cluster Analysis \u2022 Principal Components \u2022 Factor Models","parent_id":"F6"}],"output":[{"type":"Working Paper","description":"Policy Research Working Papers (PRWP)","title":"Drivers And Trends For The Equality Of Opportunity For Sexual And Gender Minorities: A Panel Approach"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"Modified BSD3","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/bsd-3-clause\/"}],"contacts":[{"name":"Paola Marcela Ballon Fernandez","affiliation":"Opportunity Development Agency Centre","email":"pballon@oda-global.org"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}],"datasets":[{"name":"Equality of opportunities for sexual and gender minorities (EQOSOGI) panel legal dataset","note":"Source: Author's compilation.\nConstruction date: November 2025.\nFile location: \"inputs\\EQOSOGI_Panel_Data.xlsx\".","citation":"Ballon, P., Alburqueque, O., and Braunmiller, J. C.\n2025.\n\"Equality of opportunities for sexual and gender minorities (EQOSOGI) panel legal dataset [dataset]\".\nConstructed on November, 2025.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package."},{"name":"Legal-system classification","note":"Source: Author's compilation.\nConstruction date: May 2026.\nFile location: \"inputs\\Legal Systems.xlsx\".","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"Ballon, P., Alburqueque, O., and Braunmiller, J. C.\n2026.\n\"Legal-system classification [dataset]\".\nConstructed in May 2026."},{"name":"Penn World Table v10.01","note":"Source: Penn World Tables.\nAccess date: June 2025.\nFile location: \"inputs\\pwt1001.dta\".","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License","citation":"Feenstra, Robert C., Inklaar, R. and Timmer, M.\n2015.\n\"The Next Generation of the Penn World Table\" American Economic Review, 105(10), 3150-3182.\nAvailable for download at https:\/\/www.rug.nl\/ggdc\/productivity\/pwt.\nAccessed in June, 2025.","uri":"https:\/\/www.rug.nl\/ggdc\/productivity\/pwt\/pwt-releases\/pwt1001","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package."},{"name":"Quality of Government Institute Basic Dataset (Time-Series)","note":"Source: University of Gothenburg, The Quality of Government Institute.\nAccess date: December 2025.\nFile location: \"inputs\\qog_bas_ts_jan25.dta\".","citation":"Dahlberg, S., Sundstr\u00f6m, A., Holmberg,  S., Rothstein, B. Alvarado Pachon, N. Dalli, C., Lopez Valverde, R., Phiri, V. & Gerber, L. \n2025. \nThe Quality of Government Basic Dataset, Version Jan25. \nUniversity of Gothenburg: The Quality of Government Institute, \nAvailable at: https:\/\/www.gu.se\/en\/quality-government\/qog-data\/data-downloads\/basic-dataset\nAccessed in December, 2025.","uri":"https:\/\/www.gu.se\/en\/quality-government\/qog-data\/data-downloads\/basic-dataset","access_type":"Data is publicly available but does not allow redistribution and is not included in the reproducibility package.","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.gu.se\/en\/quality-government\/qog-data\/data-downloads\/basic-dataset","license":"Custom license"},{"name":"World Development Indicators","note":"Source: World Bank.\nAccess date: June 2025.\nFile location: \"inputs\\WDI_data.xlsx\".\nIndicator used: GDP per capita (constant 2015 US$) (NY.GDP.PCAP.KD).","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0)","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/about\/legal\/terms-of-use-for-datasets","uri":"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/","citation":"World Bank.\nn.d.\nWorld Development Indicators:GDP per capita (constant 2015 US$) (NY.GDP.PCAP.KD) [dataset].\nAvailable at: https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/.\nAccessed in June, 2025."}],"technology_requirements":"Run time: ~10 minutes","technology_environment":"Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:\nOS: Windows 11 Enterprise\nProcessor: Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 6226R CPU @ 2.90GHz \nMemory available: 16.0 GB","reproduction_instructions":"To reproduce the findings in this paper, a replicator must:\n1. **Secure Access to Data:** Access the datasets not included in the package. See the Datasets section for more details.\n2. **Run the Package:**\n  - Open the R project `EQOSOGI Panel Reproducibility Package.Rproj`.\n  - Restore the environment by running renv::restore() and following the prompts.\n  - Update the working directory in line 27 of the do-file `0_master_file`.\n  - Updating the path to the `Rscript.exe` in line 29 of the do-file `0_master_file`.\n  - Run the do-file `0_master_file`.\n\nSince not all the data is included, the package includes the results produced by replicators. These files can be used to review the results presented in the paper."},"datacite":{"creators":[{"familyName":"Ballon","givenName":"Paola","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]},{"givenName":"Omar","familyName":"Alburqueque","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR"}]},{"givenName":"Julia Constanze ","familyName":"Braunmiller","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org","name":"World Bank","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ae7jd04"}]}],"titles":[{"title":" Reproducibility package for Drivers And Trends For The Equality Of Opportunity For Sexual And Gender Minorities: A Panel Approach","lang":"en"},{"titleType":"Other","title":"RR_WLD_2025_503"}],"publisher":"World Bank","publicationYear":"2025","types":{"resourceType":" Reproducibility package","resourceTypeGeneral":"Other"},"url":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/study\/RR_WLD_2025_503","language":"en"},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"},{"tag":"Open Code"},{"tag":"Restricted Data"}],"schematype":"script"}