{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DECDI","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2026-08-24","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Sandra V. Rozo","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"sandrarozo@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Tatiana Hiller","affiliation":"University of California Davis","email":"Tatiana Hiller"},{"name":"Leonardo Pe\u00f1aloza-Pacheco","affiliation":"Cornell University","email":"ljp96@cornell.edu"}],"title_statement":{"title":"Reproducibility package for Public Externalities Of Universal Health Care Access","idno":"RR_COL_2026_718"},"data_statement":"Some data is restricted and has not been included in the reproducibility package. For more details, refer to the README file.\n","software":[{"name":"Stata","version":"19.5 MP"},{"name":"Python","version":"3.13"}],"scripts":[{"title":"Reproducibility package for Public Externalities Of Universal Health Care Access","date":"2026-08","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.","instructions":"See README in reproducibility package.","file_name":"RR_COL_2026_718","zip_package":"RR_COL_2026_718.zip","dependencies":"Stata dependencies are listed in the ado folder."}],"repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"production_date":"2026-08-24","abstract":"Extending health coverage to excluded groups may change the health of everyone else who shares the same hospitals and budgets. In 2022, Colombia granted nearly two million Venezuelan migrants access to full health services. We explore the effects of this health care expansion on Colombian mortality rates, comparing municipalities more and less exposed to the program before and after the program\u2019s mass rollout. In a program that covered nearly four percent of the population, we find that a one standard deviation increase in municipal exposure to the program, about 65 newly covered migrants per 1,000 inhabitants, reduced mortality among Colombians by 3.8 percent, with declines of 4.5 percent in infant mortality and 5.6 percent among adults 65 and older. The program averted roughly 6,000 deaths per year, about one life saved annually for every 325 migrants covered. These effects are driven by congestion relief. Newly insured migrants entered financed routine care at scale, tilting the composition of their care sharply away from emergency rooms, while Colombians\u2019 own emergency visits fell and their routine care continued to expand, sustained by the scheduled flow of financial resources for legally covered migrants. Because emergency care was already publicly financed for undocumented migrants, full coverage increased net public spending only modestly. As a result, the net fiscal cost per Colombian life saved is at most USD $63,000, well below conventional benchmarks based on the value of a statistical life. These are benefits for an already insured host population, a channel that is generally omitted from standard fiscal estimates of expanding health coverage to excluded populations.","geographic_units":[{"name":"Colombia","code":"COL"}],"keywords":[{"name":"Migration"},{"name":"Health Insurance"},{"name":"Public Health Externalities"},{"name":"Colombia"},{"name":"Venezuela"}],"topics":[{"id":"F22","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"International Migration","parent_id":"F2"},{"id":" I13","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Health Insurance, Public and Private","parent_id":"I1"},{"id":" I18","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Government Policy \u2022 Regulation \u2022 Public Health","parent_id":"I1"},{"id":" H51","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Government Expenditures and Health","parent_id":"H5"},{"id":" O15","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Human Resources \u2022 Human Development \u2022 Income Distribution \u2022 Migration","parent_id":"O1"},{"id":" R23","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Regional Migration \u2022 Regional Labor Markets \u2022 Population \u2022 Neighborhood Characteristics","parent_id":"R2"}],"output":[{"type":"Working Paper","description":"Policy Research Working Papers (PRWP)","title":"Public Externalities Of Universal Health Care Access","authors":"Tatiana Hiller, Leonardo Pe\u00f1aloza-Pacheco, Sandra V. Rozo"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"technology_requirements":"Run time: ~20 minutes.","disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"MIT License","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/mit"},{"name":"World Bank IGO Rider","uri":"https:\/\/github.com\/worldbank\/metadata-editor\/blob\/main\/WB-IGO-RIDER.md"}],"contacts":[{"name":"Sandra V. Rozo","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"sandrarozo@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}],"datasets":[{"name":"Registro Individual de Prestaci\u00f3n de Servicios de Salud (RIPS)","uri":"https:\/\/www.sispro.gov.co","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners\/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","note":"Files location: rips_data\/rips_detailed_panel.csv. Migrant health-service encounters by municipality \u00d7 month \u00d7 document type \u00d7 care type. \nrips_data\/rips_colombian_panel.csv. Colombian citizens' service utilization by municipality \u00d7 month \u00d7 care type.\nrips_data\/rips_disease_unified_panel.csv. RIPS diagnoses grouped into disease categories; used only for the chronic-care aggregate rips_dis_m.dta. Aggregated by agg_disease.py; the resulting non-confidential aggregate ships as usable data.\nReplicators should request to MinSalud for SISPRO cube access. The aggregated cubes are reachable at https:\/\/www.sispro.gov.co once credentials are issued; the municipality-by-month extracts we use are produced from those cubes. Contact: correo@minsalud.gov.co (official correspondence address). Acknowledgements are issued by notificaciones_sgdea@minsalud.gov.co.\nAlternative route: a derecho de petici\u00f3n under Article 23 of the Colombian Constitution and Law 1755 of 2015, sent to the same address. MinSalud returns a radicado number and must answer within fifteen business days. Replicators outside Colombia may need a Colombian host institution. Individual-level records are not released; the municipal aggregates used in this package are.","citation":"Ministerio de Salud y Protecci\u00f3n Social  (MinSalud). Registro Individual de Prestaci\u00f3n de Servicios de Salud (RIPS), via SISPRO [dataset]. https:\/\/www.sispro.gov.co. Access date: 2026."},{"name":"Estatuto Temporal de Protecci\u00f3n para Migrantes Venezolanos (ETPV)","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners\/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","note":"File location: ETPV_MunicipalityDATA.dta. ETPV registrations and PPT deliveries by municipality (the treatment measure).\nReplicators should access the PQRSDF portal: https:\/\/apps.migracioncolombia.gov.co\/pqrs\/home. Then, file the request as a derecho de petici\u00f3n de inter\u00e9s general. The portal issues a radicado immediately and the statutory window is fifteen business days. Replicators should also ask specifically for registrations and permits by DIVIPOLA municipality code and month. A request phrased by municipality name alone will return a name-keyed file, which cannot be merged safely because 67 Colombian municipality names are shared across departments.\n","citation":"Unidad Administrativa Especial Migraci\u00f3n Colombia. ETPV registrations and PPT deliveries by municipality [dataset]. Unpublished administrative data. Access date: 2026."},{"name":"Programa Ampliado de Inmunizaciones (PAI)","uri":"https:\/\/www.sispro.gov.co","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners\/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","note":"File location: PAI\/pai_vacunacion_panel.dta. Vaccine doses applied and programmatic targets by municipality \u00d7 year \u00d7 vaccine.\nReplicators should request to MinSalud for SISPRO cube access. The aggregated cubes are reachable at https:\/\/www.sispro.gov.co once credentials are issued; the municipality-by-month extracts we use are produced from those cubes. Contact: correo@minsalud.gov.co (official correspondence address). Acknowledgements are issued by notificaciones_sgdea@minsalud.gov.co.\nAlternative route: a derecho de petici\u00f3n under Article 23 of the Colombian Constitution and Law 1755 of 2015, sent to the same address. MinSalud returns a radicado number and must answer within fifteen business days. Replicators outside Colombia may need a Colombian host institution. Individual-level records are not released; the municipal aggregates used in this package are.","citation":"Ministerio de Salud y Protecci\u00f3n Social (MinSalud). Programa Ampliado de Inmunizaciones (PAI), PAIWEB via SISPRO [dataset]. https:\/\/www.sispro.gov.co. Access date: 2026."},{"name":"Estad\u00edsticas Vitales (EEVV)","uri":"https:\/\/microdatos.dane.gov.co","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","note":"Files location: mortality\/NO FETALES\/nofetal*.dta, nofetal2021.csv. Catalogue entry \"Estad\u00edsticas Vitales - Defunciones No Fetales\", 2016 to 2024\nevv_births\/nacimientos_panel_municipio_mes.dta. DANE birth records, aggregated to municipality \u00d7 month. Catalogue entry \"Estad\u00edsticas Vitales - Nacimientos\", annual files for 2016 to 2024.  Individual birth records are collapsed to municipality of residence (cod_dpto_res, cod_mun_res) by month (anno, mes). \nThe DANE microdata catalogue does not expose stable deep links to individual study pages; entries are reached by searching the catalogue and the study identifier changes between releases: https:\/\/microdatos.dane.gov.co ","citation":"Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estad\u00edstica (DANE). Estad\u00edsticas Vitales (EEVV) [dataset]. www.dane.gov.co. Access date: 2026.","license":"Public (Unrestricted)","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.dane.gov.co\/index.php\/servicios-al-ciudadano\/tramites\/transparencia-y-acceso-a-la-informacion-publica\/terminos-y-condiciones"},{"name":"Proyecciones de poblaci\u00f3n","uri":"https:\/\/www.dane.gov.co","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","note":"Files location: population\/DANE_proypoblacion_Mun_2020_2035.xlsx, population\/DANE_retroproypoblacion_Mun_2005_2019.xlsx, population\/DANE_pop_sexo_edad_Mun_2005_2019, population\/DANE_pop_sexo_edad_Mun_2020_2035. Municipal population projections and retroprojections by age.\nThe DANE microdata catalogue does not expose stable deep links to individual study pages; entries are reached by searching the catalogue and the study identifier changes between releases: : https:\/\/www.dane.gov.co , Demograf\u00eda y Poblaci\u00f3n, Proyecciones de Poblaci\u00f3n, municipal series 2005 to 2019 (retroproyecciones) and 2020 to 2035.","citation":"Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estad\u00edstica (DANE). Proyecciones y retroproyecciones de poblaci\u00f3n municipal [dataset]. https:\/\/www.dane.gov.co. Access date: 2026.","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.dane.gov.co\/index.php\/servicios-al-ciudadano\/tramites\/transparencia-y-acceso-a-la-informacion-publica\/terminos-y-condiciones","license":"Public (Unrestricted)"},{"name":"Panel Municipal Centro de Estudios sobre Desarrollo Econ\u00f3mico","uri":"https:\/\/datahub.uniandes.edu.co\/dataverse\/uniandes_proyectos-de-investigacion_panel-municipal-CEDE","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","note":"File location: cede\/cede_master_panel.dta. Pre-shock municipal characteristics. CEDE distributes the panel as separate thematic modules, among them caracter\u00edsticas generales, buen gobierno, educaci\u00f3n, salud, agr\u00edcola, conflicto y violencia, and the fiscal series. The modules are merged on municipality code (codmpio) and year (ano) into one wide panel. Two \nbookkeeping variables survive from that merge and make it auditable: n_panels_present records how many source modules contributed to each municipality-year, and n_vars_nonmissing how many variables are populated.  Replicators can access the data via: https:\/\/datoscede.uniandes.edu.co, Panel Municipal. Registration is required and free.\nFile location: growth\/Cleaning_PEP_colombia_adm2.dta.\nA municipality-by-year panel merging annual mean night-light density (light_mean, nl_meanyear*) with municipal revenue and expenditure aggregates (the y_* and g_* families, in levels, per  capita and in logs) and baseline characteristics (poverty, NBI, Gini, urban share, population). This was assembled for the earlier PEP project, and it carries that project's treatment indicators (tpep, dtreatment, dtreat_post). The present paper uses the night-light and municipal fiscal series only, in the local-activity test reported in the mechanisms section. ","citation":"Centro de Estudios sobre Desarrollo Econ\u00f3mico (CEDE), Universidad de los Andes. Panel Municipal CEDE [dataset]. https:\/\/datoscede.uniandes.edu.co. Access date: 2026.","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/","license":"CC0 1.0"},{"name":"Gran Encuesta Integrada de Hogares (GEIH)","uri":"https:\/\/microdatos.dane.gov.co","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","note":"File location: growth\/Cleaning_PEP_GEIH_adm2_2010_2024.dta. Labor-market cells built from the household survey.  DANE, Gran Encuesta Integrada de Hogares (GEIH), person-level microdata pooled 2010 to 2024 (https:\/\/microdatos.dane.gov.co , entry \"Gran Encuesta Integrada de Hogares\"), merged with municipal covariates drawn from CEDE and from VIIRS night lights. GEIH person records retaining the survey identifiers (directorio, secuencia_p, orden, hogar),  the demographic and labour variables (employment, hours, formality, contract type, earnings, industry and  occupation codes, country of birth), and the survey weight, with the municipality code (adm2_pcode) attached. Pre-period municipal covariates are merged on: 2009 GDP per capita, 2005 poverty and NBI, 2010 theft and  homicide rates, baseline night lights, and the 2010 urban share. The treatment variables carried in the file (dtreatment, dpost, post_cont_*, and the percentile variants dtreatp5 through dtreatp75) were constructed for the earlier PEP regularization project from which this file comes. The present package does not use them. It uses the labour variables and the  municipality identifier only.\nFile location: growth\/Cleaning_PEP_colombia_adm2.dta.\nA municipality-by-year panel merging annual mean night-light density (light_mean, nl_meanyear*) with municipal revenue and expenditure aggregates (the y_* and g_* families, in levels, per  capita and in logs) and baseline characteristics (poverty, NBI, Gini, urban share, population). This was assembled for the earlier PEP project, and it carries that project's treatment indicators (tpep, dtreatment, dtreat_post). The present package uses the night-light and municipal fiscal series only, in the local-activity test reported in the mechanisms section.\nThe DANE microdata catalogue does not expose stable deep links to individual study pages; entries are reached by searching the catalogue and the study identifier changes between releases: https:\/\/microdatos.dane.gov.co , \"Gran Encuesta Integrada de Hogares\", annual files 2010 to 2024.","citation":"Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estad\u00edstica (DANE). Gran Encuesta Integrada de Hogares (GEIH) [dataset]. https:\/\/www.dane.gov.co. Access date: 2026.","license":"Public (Unrestricted)","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.dane.gov.co\/index.php\/servicios-al-ciudadano\/tramites\/transparencia-y-acceso-a-la-informacion-publica\/terminos-y-condiciones"},{"name":"Global VIIRS Nighttime Lights","uri":"https:\/\/eogdata.mines.edu\/products\/vnl\/","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","note":"File location: growth\/Cleaning_PEP_colombia_adm2.dta.\nA municipality-by-year panel merging annual mean night-light density (light_mean, nl_meanyear*) with municipal revenue and expenditure aggregates (the y_* and g_* families, in levels, per  capita and in logs) and baseline characteristics (poverty, NBI, Gini, urban share, population). As with the GEIH file, this was assembled for the earlier PEP project, and it carries that project's treatment indicators (tpep, dtreatment, dtreat_post). The present package uses the night-light and municipal fiscal series only, in the local-activity test reported in the mechanisms section. ","citation":"Elvidge, C. D., Zhizhin, M., Ghosh, T., Hsu, F.-C., & Taneja, J. (2021). Annual Time Series of Global VIIRS Nighttime Lights. Earth Observation Group, Payne Institute for Public Policy, Colorado School of Mines. https:\/\/eogdata.mines.edu\/products\/vnl\/ . Accessed 2026.","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0)","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/deed.en"}],"technology_environment":" Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:\n - OS: Windows 11 Enterprise\n - Processor: INTEL(R) XEON(R) GOLD 6226R CPU @ 2.90GHz  (2 processors\n - Memory: 16 GB","reproduction_instructions":"To reproduce the findings in this paper, a replicator must:\n1. **Secure Access to Data:** Access the datasets not included in the package. See the Datasets section for more details.\n2. **Run the Package:** Update the working directory in line 29 of the do-file `main`, and run it.\n\nSince not all the data is included, the package includes the results produced by replicators. These files can be used to review the results presented in the paper."},"datacite":{"creators":[{"givenName":"Sandra V.","familyName":"Rozo","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ae7jd04","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]},{"givenName":"Tatiana","familyName":"Hiller","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California Davis","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]},{"givenName":"Leonardo","familyName":"Pe\u00f1aloza-Pacheco","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"Cornell University","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]}],"titles":[{"lang":"en","title":"Reproducibility package for Public Externalities Of Universal Health Care Access"},{"title":"RR_COL_2026_718","titleType":"Other"}],"publisher":"World Bank","publicationYear":"2026","types":{"resourceType":"Reproducibility package","resourceTypeGeneral":"Other"},"url":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/study\/RR_COL_2026_718","language":"en"},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"},{"tag":"Open Code"},{"tag":"Restricted Data"}],"schematype":"script"}