{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DECDI","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2026-09-09","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Christoph Boehringer","affiliation":"Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg","email":"christoph.boehringer@uni-oldenburg.de"},{"name":"Isha Dube","affiliation":"Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg","email":"isha.dube@uni-oldenburg.de"},{"name":"Carolyn Fischer","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"cfischer2@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Thomas F. Rutherford","affiliation":"University of Wisconsin-Madison","email":"rutherford@aae.wisc.edu"}],"title_statement":{"title":"Reproducibility package for Border Carbon Adjustments Revisited","idno":"RR_WLD_2026_710"},"data_statement":" Some data is limited-access and has not been included in the reproducibility package. For more details, please refer to the README file.","software":[{"name":"GAMS","version":"52.5.0"}],"scripts":[{"title":"Reproducibility package for Border Carbon Adjustments Revisited","date":"2026-09","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.","instructions":"See README in reproducibility package.","file_name":"RR_WLD_2026_710","zip_package":"RR_WLD_2026_710.zip"}],"repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"production_date":"2026-09-09","abstract":"To address concerns about competitiveness and carbon leakage, countries with ambitious climate policies are increasingly looking to combine unilateral carbon pricing with border carbon adjustments (BCA). BCA aim to create a level playing field between domestically regulated energy-intensive and trade-exposed industries and their competitors abroad by imposing charges on the (unpriced) carbon embodied in imports and (potentially) rebating carbon costs on exports. At the same time, BCA are seen as measures that may have protectionist motivation and shift the burden of climate policy onto poorer developing economies that bear less historical responsibility for climate change, have limited financial and technological capacity for decarbonization, and may depend on CO\u2082-intensive exports. For an informed policy debate, understanding how BCA alter the economic burden of unilateral emissions pricing across all countries is essential. However, quantitative impact estimates derived from ex-ante simulation analyses vary considerably in the applied economic literature due to divergent assumptions on key drivers whose relative importance is difficult to distinguish from the outset.  Based on controlled simulations with a large-scale computable general equilibrium model of global trade and carbon use, this paper provides a systematic sensitivity analysis of three fundamental dimensions that determine the impacts of BCA: (i) the policy design of BCA; (ii) the price responsiveness of supply and demand; and (iii) the input-output data characterizing initial heterogeneities of production, consumption, and trade patterns across countries.","geographic_units":[{"name":"World","code":"WLD"}],"keywords":[{"name":"Border Carbon Adjustments"},{"name":"Multi-Region Input-Output Analysis"},{"name":"Computable General Equilibrium Analysis"}],"topics":[{"id":"Q58","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Government Policy","parent_id":"Q5"},{"id":" D57","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Input\u2013Output Tables and Analysis","parent_id":"D5"},{"id":" D58","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Computable and Other Applied General Equilibrium Models","parent_id":"D5"}],"output":[{"type":"Working Paper","description":"Policy Research Working Paper (PRWP)","title":"Border Carbon Adjustments Revisited"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"technology_requirements":"Run time: ~ 20 minutes","disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"MIT License","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/mit"},{"name":"World Bank IGO Rider","uri":"https:\/\/github.com\/worldbank\/metadata-editor\/blob\/main\/WB-IGO-RIDER.md"}],"contacts":[{"name":"Carolyn Fischer","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"cfischer2@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}],"datasets":[{"name":"Global Trade Analysis Project Data Base Version 11 (Aggregated Extract for Border Carbon Adjustments Analysis)","note":"Files: wb62_12_3.gdx (input for the MRIO analysis and central case CGE analysis), wb12_12_3_2011.gdx, wb12_12_3_2014.gdx, wb12_12_3_2017.gdx. Reference year 2017; GTAP 11 released 2023. Original data accessed via the GTAP Data Base portal (Center for Global Trade Analysis, Purdue University); a full GTAP11 license must be purchased to download the underlying database. The files listed here are aggregated extracts, processed by the authors down to the regions and sectors listed in Tables 1 and 2 of the paper, using the mappings to the full GTAP11 region\/sector set given in Appendix Tables A1 and A2. Per GTAP's terms, data extracted and aggregated for a specific publication can be shared and released publicly; two of the paper's authors (B\u00f6hringer and Rutherford) hold a valid GTAP11 license and thereby have legitimate access and permission to redistribute these composite extracts as input data for this analysis.","access_type":"Aggregated data is included in the package.","citation":"Aguiar, A., Chepeliev, M., Corong, E. & van der Mensbrugghe, D. (2022). The GTAP Data Base: Version 11. Journal of Global Economic Analysis, 7(2), 1-37. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.jgea.org\/ojs\/index.php\/jgea\/article\/view\/181"}],"technology_environment":"Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:\n\u2022 OS: Windows 11 Enterprise\n\u2022 Processor: INTEL(R) XEON(R) PLATINUM 8562Y+ 2.80 GHz (2 processors)\n\u2022 Memory available: 32.0 GB","reproduction_instructions":"To reproduce the findings in this paper,  execute the batch file: `run.bat`."},"datacite":{"creators":[{"givenName":"Christoph","familyName":"Boehringer","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/033n9gh91","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]},{"givenName":"Isha","familyName":"Dube","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/033n9gh91","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]},{"givenName":"Carolyn","familyName":"Fischer","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ae7jd04","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]},{"givenName":"Thomas F.","familyName":"Rutherford","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin-Madison","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01y2jtd41","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]}],"titles":[{"lang":"en","title":"Reproducibility package for Border Carbon Adjustments Revisited"},{"title":"RR_WLD_2026_710","titleType":"Other"}],"publisher":"World Bank","publicationYear":"2026","types":{"resourceType":"Reproducibility package","resourceTypeGeneral":"Other"},"url":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/study\/RR_WLD_2026_710","language":"en"},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"},{"tag":"Limited-access Data"},{"tag":"Open Code"}],"schematype":"script"}