{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DECDI","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2026-10-08","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Minh Cong Nguyen","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"mnguyen3@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Nishant Yonzan","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"nyonzan@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Ben James Brunckhorst","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"bbrunckhorst@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Sotaire KWIZERA","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"sotairekwizera@gmail.com"},{"name":"Christoph Lakner","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"clakner@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Gabriel Lara Ibarra","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"glaraibarra@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Henry Stemmler","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"henrystemmler@icloud.com"}],"title_statement":{"title":"Reproducibility package for Beyond The Headcount: The Changing Geography And Composition Of Global Poverty, 2003\u20132024","idno":"RR_WLD_2026_767"},"data_statement":"The reproducibility package relies on two types of data: open and limited-access data. For the source, access type, file location, and citation of each dataset, refer to the Datasets section and the README file.","software":[{"name":"R","version":"4.5.2"},{"name":"Stata","version":"19.5"}],"scripts":[{"title":"Reproducibility package for Beyond The Headcount: The Changing Geography And Composition Of Global Poverty, 2003\u20132024","date":"2026-10","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.","instructions":"See README in reproducibility package.","file_name":"RR_WLD_2026_767","zip_package":"RR_WLD_2026_767.zip","dependencies":"R dependencies are listed in the file renv.lock. Stata dependencies are listed in the ado folder."}],"repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"production_date":"2026-10-08","abstract":"Global extreme poverty fell substantially between 2003 and 2024, but progress slowed after 2013 and became increasingly uneven. Using harmonized household surveys for 154 countries, covering about 96 percent of the global population, this paper examines changes in incidence, composition, demographic profile, spatial concentration, and environmental exposure of poverty. The number of people living below $3.00 per day fell from more than 2 billion to 781 million. Yet the remaining poor became increasingly concentrated in Sub-Saharan Africa, fragile economies, rural communities, younger populations, groups with limited education, and connected high-poverty subnational regions. In 2024, rural residents account for 73 percent of the extreme poor and children account for 46 percent. Poverty overlaps strongly with drought exposure, although associations with floods, cyclones, and heatwaves are more mixed. Urbanization and educational attainment increased in Sub-Saharan Africa without commensurate poverty reduction, showing that these descriptive correlates do not translate mechanically into progress. Rural residence, limited schooling, and child dependency are most prevalent around the extreme poverty line but remain widespread across much of the lower end of the global income distribution, and distribution-sensitive indicators that capture the entire global distribution confirm the poverty-based rankings. ","geographic_units":[{"name":"World","code":"WLD"}],"keywords":[{"name":"Global Poverty Profiles"},{"name":"Welfare Distribution"},{"name":"Spatial Concentration"},{"name":"Prosperity Gap"}],"topics":[{"id":"I32","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Measurement and Analysis of Poverty","parent_id":"I3"},{"id":" O10","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"General","parent_id":"O1"},{"id":" O15","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Human Resources \u2022 Human Development \u2022 Income Distribution \u2022 Migration","parent_id":"O1"},{"id":" D31","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions","parent_id":"D3"},{"id":" R12","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity","parent_id":"R1"},{"id":" C81","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Microeconomic Data \u2022 Data Access","parent_id":"C8"}],"output":[{"type":"Working Paper","description":"Policy Research Working Paper (PRWP)","title":"Beyond The Headcount: The Changing Geography And Composition Of Global Poverty, 2003\u20132024"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"MIT License","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/mit"},{"name":"World Bank IGO Rider","uri":"https:\/\/github.com\/worldbank\/metadata-editor\/blob\/main\/WB-IGO-RIDER.md"}],"contacts":[{"name":"Minh Cong Nguyen","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"mnguyen3@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}],"datasets":[{"name":"Global profile of the poor - lineup databases","uri":"https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/int\/search\/dataset\/0067174\/global_profile_of_the_poor__lineup_databases","note":"Source: World Bank Data accessed in September 2026. Archived in DDH 0067174 (LIS.ZIP, haz4_2010_2025.zip, GSAP_lineup2013_2024_internal.zip, 02.input.zip, lineup and 03.intermediate.zip); extract into 02.input\/ and 03.intermediate\/ as listed in the README.","license":"License Not Applicable (6.21A)","license_uri":"https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/int\/all-licenses?fragment=lna","access_type":" Data access requires human approval and is not included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"World Bank. 2026.Global profile of the poor - lineup databases [dataset]. World Bank Data Catalog. https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/int\/search\/dataset\/0067174\/global_profile_of_the_poor__lineup_databases. Accessed 2026."},{"name":"Global Subnational Poverty Atlas (GSAP)","uri":"https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/search\/dataset\/0042041\/global-subnational-poverty-atlas-gsap","note":"Source: World Bank Data accessed in September 2026. File location: GSAP_AM26_2013.ZIP and GSAP_AM26_2024.ZIP in 02.input\/.","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0)","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/","citation":"World Bank. 2026. Global Subnational Poverty Atlas (GSAP) [dataset]. World Bank Data Catalog. https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/search\/dataset\/0042041\/global-subnational-poverty-atlas-gsap. Accessed 2026.","access_type":"Data is publicly available but not included in the reproducibility package due to file size constraints."},{"name":"GHS Population Grid Multitemporal (1975-2030)","note":"Source: European Commission, Joint Research Centre Data accessed in September 2026. Downloaded by 01.code\/R\/data_prep_subnational.R and cached as 02.input\/ghspop_2015.tif and 02.input\/ghspop_2025.tif. ","citation":"Schiavina, Marcello;  Freire, Sergio;  Alessandra Carioli;  MacManus, Kytt (2026): GHS-POP R2023A - GHS population grid multitemporal (1975-2030). European Commission, Joint Research Centre [Dataset] doi: 10.2905\/JRC.CXKEDRR; 10.2905\/2FF68A52-5B5B-4A22-8F40-C41DA8332CFE PID: http:\/\/data.europa.eu\/89h\/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/","uri":"https:\/\/data.jrc.ec.europa.eu\/dataset\/2ff68a52-5b5b-4a22-8f40-c41da8332cfe","access_type":"Data is publicly available but not included in the reproducibility package due to file size constraints."},{"name":"Climate Change Knowledge Portal: Observed Climate Data, ERA5 0.25-Degree","note":"Source: Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Data accessed in September 2026. Four CCKP NetCDF layers (tas, hd35, pr, r20mm, 1991\u20132020) downloaded by 01.code\/R\/data_prep_subnational.R and cached as 02.input\/era5_*_1991-2020.nc","citation":"World Bank. 2026. \"Climate Change Knowledge Portal: Observed Climate Data, ERA5 0.25-Degree\" [dataset]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57966\/128g-6s70. Accessed September 2026. URI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.57966\/128g-6s70","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).","uri":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24381\/cds.143582cf","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/","access_type":"Data is publicly available but not included in the reproducibility package due to file size constraints."},{"name":"World Bank Official Boundaries","note":"Source: World Bank Data accessed in September 2026. Admin-0 GeoPackage read directly from the catalog URL by 01.code\/R\/data_prep_subnational.R","citation":"World Bank. 2026. \"World Bank Official Boundaries\" [dataset]. World Bank Data Catalog. https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/search\/dataset\/0038272\/world-bank-official-boundaries. Accessed 2026.","license":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0)","uri":"https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/search\/dataset\/0038272\/world-bank-official-boundaries","license_uri":"https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/int\/public-licenses?fragment=cc","access_type":"Data is publicly available but not included in the reproducibility package due to file size constraints."}],"reproduction_instructions":"To reproduce the findings in this paper, a replicator must:\n1. **Secure Access to Data:** Access the datasets not included in the package. See the Datasets section for more details.\n2. **Run the Package:**\n- Update global upath2 in 01.code\/dofile\/master dofile to your local package path, and run it. \n- Open reproducibility.Rproj, run renv::restore(), then run master.R (or Rscript master.R)\nNote: Since not all the data is included, the package includes the results produced by replicators. These files can be used to review the results presented in the paper.\n","technology_requirements":"Run time: 5 hours","technology_environment":"Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:\n\u2022 OS: Windows 11 Enterprise\n\u2022 Processor: Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 6226R CPU @ 2.90GHz\n\u2022 Memory available: 32.0 GB\nSoftware version: Stata 19.5 MP, R 4.5.2"},"datacite":{"creators":[{"givenName":"Minh Cong","familyName":"Nguyen","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ae7jd04","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]},{"givenName":"Nishant","familyName":"Yonzan","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ae7jd04","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]},{"givenName":"Ben James","familyName":"Brunckhorst","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ae7jd04","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]},{"givenName":"Sotaire","familyName":"Kwizera","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ae7jd04","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]},{"givenName":"Christoph","familyName":"Lakner","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ae7jd04","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]},{"givenName":"Gabriel ","familyName":"Lara Ibarra","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ae7jd04","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]},{"givenName":"Henry","familyName":"Stemmler","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ae7jd04","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]}],"titles":[{"lang":"en","title":"Reproducibility package for Beyond The Headcount: The Changing Geography And Composition Of Global Poverty, 2003\u20132024"},{"title":"RR_WLD_2026_767","titleType":"Other"}],"publisher":"World Bank","publicationYear":"2026","types":{"resourceType":"Reproducibility package","resourceTypeGeneral":"Other"},"url":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/study\/RR_WLD_2026_767","language":"en"},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"},{"tag":"Limited-access data"},{"tag":"Open Code"},{"tag":"Restricted Data"}],"schematype":"script"}