{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DECDI","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2026-09-03","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Miriam Bruhn","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"mbruhn@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Johan Andrey Ortega","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"jortegahernandez@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Claudia Ruiz Ortega","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"cruizortega@worldbank.org"}],"title_statement":{"title":"Reproducibility package for Do Formal Loans Boost SME Performance? Key Takeaways From A Meta-Analysis","idno":"PP_WLD_2026_724"},"data_statement":"All data sources are publicly available and included in the reproducibility package. ","software":[{"name":"R","version":"4.5.1"}],"scripts":[{"title":"Reproducibility package for Do Formal Loans Boost SME Performance? Key Takeaways From A Meta-Analysis","date":"2026-09","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank. This reproducibility package corresponds to the journal article version of the paper. A separate reproducibility package for the working paper version is available and can be accessed here: https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org\/catalog\/296\/","instructions":"See README in reproducibility package.","file_name":"PP_WLD_2026_724","zip_package":"PP_WLD_2026_724.zip","dependencies":"R dependencies are listed in the file renv.lock."}],"repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"production_date":"2026-09-03","abstract":"This paper conducts a meta-analysis of 24 studies evaluating the impact of formal loans on small and medium-sized enterprise performance. Using a Bayesian hierarchical model, the paper estimates that formal loans increase small and medium-sized enterprise employment by 12 percent, sales by 18.3 percent, and profits by 17.6 percent. Subgroup analyses show that the effects of credit on employment are larger when loans are issued by public rather than private banks, and the effects are broadly similar across firm size, country income levels, and guarantee structures. The larger impact of public bank loans suggests that private lenders\u2019 profit-maximizing incentives may not always align with providing funds to the most credit-constrained firms that have the highest returns to capital.","geographic_units":[{"name":"World","code":"WLD"}],"keywords":[{"name":"Bank Loans"},{"name":"Smes"},{"name":"Job Creation"}],"topics":[{"id":"G21","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Banks \u2022 Depository Institutions \u2022 Micro Finance Institutions \u2022 Mortgages","parent_id":"G2"},{"id":" G28","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Government Policy and Regulation","parent_id":"G2"},{"id":" O12","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development","parent_id":"O1"},{"id":" O16","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Financial Markets \u2022 Saving and Capital Investment \u2022 Corporate Finance and Governance","parent_id":"O1"}],"output":[{"title":"Do Formal Loans Boost SME Performance? Key Takeaways From A Meta-Analysis"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"technology_requirements":"Runtime: 1 hour ","disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"MIT License","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/mit"},{"name":"World Bank IGO Rider","uri":"https:\/\/github.com\/worldbank\/metadata-editor\/blob\/main\/WB-IGO-RIDER.md"}],"contacts":[{"name":"Miriam Bruhn","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"mbruhn@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}],"reproduction_instructions":"To successfully reproduce the analysis, follow these steps:\n\n- Open the Reproducibility Package.Rproj\n- Run `00-main.R` after updating the directory.","datasets":[{"name":"Compilation of Studies on Formal Loans for Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs)","note":"Source: Author's Compiled Data Filenames: Exchange Rates.xls, Input_Data.xlsx, CLASS_B.xlsx For more details, refer to the README.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"Authors' compilation. 2026. \u201cCompilation of Studies on Formal Loans for Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs)\u201d [dataset]. Compiles and synthesizes data from multiple studies on formal loans for SMEs.\n"}]},"datacite":{"creators":[{"givenName":"Miriam","familyName":"Bruhn","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ae7jd04","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]},{"givenName":"Johan Andrey","familyName":"Ortega","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ae7jd04","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]},{"givenName":"Claudia Ruiz","familyName":"Ortega","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ae7jd04","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]}],"titles":[{"lang":"en","title":"Reproducibility package for Do Formal Loans Boost SME Performance? Key Takeaways From A Meta-Analysis"},{"title":"PP_WLD_2026_724","titleType":"Other"}],"publisher":"World Bank","publicationYear":"2026","types":{"resourceType":"Reproducibility package","resourceTypeGeneral":"Other"},"url":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/study\/PP_WLD_2026_724","language":"en"},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"},{"tag":"Open Code"},{"tag":"Open Data"}],"schematype":"script"}