{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DECDI","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2026-10-13","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Marie-Louise Decamps","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"mdecamps@worldbank.org"}],"title_statement":{"title":"Reproducibility package for Shifting Landscapes: The Impact Of Agricultural Innovation On Deforestation","idno":"RR_BRA_2026_751"},"data_statement":"All data sources are publicly available. Two datasets are not included in the reproducibility package (due to size and personal information), and some files are provided already processed or as intermediate data due to size and processing restrictions. For more details, refer to the README file.","software":[{"name":"R","version":"4.6.1"},{"name":"Python","version":"3.12.7"}],"scripts":[{"title":"Reproducibility package for Shifting Landscapes: The Impact Of Agricultural Innovation On Deforestation","date":"2026-10","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.","instructions":"See README in reproducibility package.","file_name":"RR_BRA_2026_751","zip_package":"RR_BRA_2026_751.zip","dependencies":"R dependencies are listed in the file renv.lock."}],"repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"production_date":"2026-10-13","abstract":"This paper examines the direct and indirect effects of agricultural technological change on deforestation using the introduction of genetically modified soy in the Brazilian Amazon. Soy production replaced more land and labor intensive cattle ranching, slowing local deforestation. However, displaced cattle ranching relocated to connected areas, clearing forest elsewhere and offsetting 39% of the forest spared locally. Displacement is mediated by the road network, which enables labor mobility and continued access to fixed slaughterhouses. On net, the introduction of GM soy preserved approximately 25,600 sq. km of forest between 2003 and 2010.","geographic_units":[{"name":"Brazil","code":"BRA"}],"keywords":[{"name":"Deforestation"},{"name":"Agriculture"}],"topics":[{"id":"Q15","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Land Ownership and Tenure \u2022 Land Reform \u2022 Land Use \u2022 Irrigation \u2022 Agriculture and Environment","parent_id":"Q1"},{"id":" O13","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Agriculture \u2022 Natural Resources \u2022 Energy \u2022 Environment \u2022 Other Primary Products","parent_id":"O1"},{"id":" Q56","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Environment and Development \u2022 Environment and Trade \u2022 Sustainability \u2022 Environmental Accounts and Accounting \u2022 Environmental Equity \u2022 Population Growth","parent_id":"Q5"},{"id":" Q16","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"R&D \u2022 Agricultural Technology \u2022 Biofuels \u2022 Agricultural Extension Services","parent_id":"Q1"}],"output":[{"type":"Working Paper","description":"Policy Research Working Paper (PRWP)","title":"Shifting Landscapes: The Impact Of Agricultural Innovation On Deforestation"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"technology_requirements":"Runtime ~ 15 hours. \n","disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"MIT License","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/mit"},{"name":"World Bank IGO Rider","uri":"https:\/\/github.com\/worldbank\/metadata-editor\/blob\/main\/WB-IGO-RIDER.md"}],"contacts":[{"name":"Marie-Louise Decamps","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"mdecamps@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}],"datasets":[{"name":"Indigenous Lands and Conservation Units (MapBiomas territory layers)","note":"Files: data\/raw\/mapbiomas_col6\/{f,p,a,s}_20km_{year}_{1\u201313}.csv (806 files); data\/raw\/administrative_boundaries\/il_gee_20km.csv, cu_gee_20km.csv.\nMapBiomas Collection 6.0 data for the Brazilian Amazon, accessed through the MapBiomas public asset in Google Earth Engine (GEE). Accessed June 2022.\nLand use and land cover: share of each pixel covered by forest (f) and pasture (p), 1995\u20132010, and by soy (s) and other crops (a), 1996\u20132010. The original 30 \u00d7 30 m classes were grouped as follows: forest = classes 1, 9, 10; pasture = 15, 21; soy = 39, 41; other crops = 20, 36, 40, 46, 47, 48. They were then aggregated in GEE to the share of each pixel on a 1\/6\u00b0 grid (about 18.5 \u00d7 18.5 km, the paper's unit of analysis). Each file covers one class, year and tile (13 tiles per year); column remapped is the share and .geo is the pixel centroid.\nIndigenous lands and conservation units: pixels whose centroid lies within an indigenous land (il) or a federal or state conservation unit (fcu_ip, fcu_su, scu_ip, scu_su), assigned in GEE.\nThe package contains these aggregated exports. The GEE scripts are not included; the steps are described in the Data Appendix of the paper (E.2, E.3.1).","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"MapBiomas. 2022. Indigenous Lands and Conservation Units (MapBiomas territory layers) [dataset]. Accessed 2022-06.","license":"Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International License","license_uri":"https:\/\/gee-community-catalog.org\/projects\/mapbiomas\/#license"},{"name":"Brazilian Agricultural Census 1995\u20131996, 2006 and 2017","note":"Files: data\/raw\/agricultural_census\/ (39 .xlsx files). Aggregated municipality-level results from the IBGE Agricultural Census, downloaded from SIDRA. See the paper's Data Appendix for the list of tables and variables. Accessed 2020-01. A full list of the files is included in data_hash_report.csv.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"IBGE. 1996, 2006, 2017. Censo Agropecu\u00e1rio 1995\u20131996, 2006 and 2017. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE [dataset]. Accessed 2020-01.","uri":"https:\/\/sidra.ibge.gov.br\/pesquisa\/censo-agropecuario\/censo-agropecuario-2017\/resultados-definitivos","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nd\/3.0\/deed.en","license":"Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported"},{"name":"Brazilian Demographic Census 1991","note":"Files: data\/raw\/census_1991\/literacy_91.xlsx, population_91.xlsx, rural_urban_91.xlsx, pop_census_income_earners.dta. Aggregated results from the 1991 IBGE Population Census and its Sample Supplement. The Sample Supplement data are pre-processed because of their size; see the paper's Data Appendix. Accessed 2022-03. Processing note: SIDRA exports with column headers renamed by the authors; aggregated to AMCs in clean_census1991.R.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"IBGE. 1991. Censo Demogr\u00e1fico 1991. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE [dataset]. Accessed 2022-03.","uri":"https:\/\/www.ibge.gov.br\/estatisticas\/sociais\/populacao\/25089-censo-1991-6.html","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nd\/3.0\/deed.en","license":"Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported"},{"name":"FAO-Global Agro-Ecological Zones v3.0 Soy Suitability","note":"Files: data\/raw\/fao_gaez\/high_soy.tif, high_soy.asc, low_soy.tif, low_soy.asc, ZS_high.csv, ZS_low.csv, dA_gee_20km.csv. Potential soy yields under high and low input levels for each pixel and municipality in Brazil, aggregated by the authors to 20 x 20 km pixels and municipalities. Accessed 2020-01. Processing note: Rasters clipped to Brazil; averaged to the 1\/6\u00b0 grid in GEE (dA = high \u2212 low) and to AMCs with QGIS Zonal Statistics (mean).","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"FAO. 2015. Global Agro-ecological Zones (GAEZ v3.0). FAO, Rome, Italy [dataset]. Accessed 2020-01.","uri":"https:\/\/gaez.fao.org\/","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.fao.org\/contact-us\/terms\/en\/","license":"FAO Terms and Conditions"},{"name":"Suitability of Global Land Area for Pasture (FGGD)","note":"Files: data\/raw\/fao_gaez\/pasture_suitability\/A_p_20km_*.csv (13 files). Pasture suitability index for each pixel in Brazil, accessed through the FAO Map Catalog and aggregated by the authors to a 20 x 20 km resolution. Accessed 2023-04. Processing note: Raster averaged to the 1\/6\u00b0 grid in GEE; exported in 13 tiles.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"FAO and IIASA. 2007. Suitability of Global Land Area for Pasture (FGGD). FAO Map Catalog [dataset]. Accessed 2023-04.","uri":"https:\/\/gaez.fao.org\/pages\/data-access-download","license":"FAO Terms and Conditions","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.fao.org\/contact-us\/terms\/en\/"},{"name":"Environmental Fines Data","note":"File: data\/raw\/ibama_fines\/all_non_classified_fines.parquet.\nDescription: Records of federal environmental fines (autos de infra\u00e7\u00e3o) issued by IBAMA across Brazil, from the IBAMA open data portal (Fiscaliza\u00e7\u00e3o \u2013 Auto de Infra\u00e7\u00e3o). The file covers fines issued from 1996 to May 2025. The analysis uses fines issued between 1996 and 2010. Accessed September 2025; the IBAMA extract is dated 22 May 2025 (field ULTIMA_ATUALIZACAO_RELATORIO).\nProcessing note: The portal distributes one CSV file per year (auto_infracao_YYYY.csv, semicolon-separated, UTF-8). The authors combined the yearly files for 1996\u20132025 into a single parquet file. The files for 1977\u20131995 were not included. Within the included years, no rows were filtered and all columns published at the time of access were kept (68 columns). Values were not cleaned; all filtering, deduplication, and aggregation to the municipality-year level are done in the package code (code\/DataWork\/cleaning\/).\nAccess: The data contain personal information (infractor names and CPF\/CNPJ numbers), so the file is not included in the reproducibility package, in line with the World Bank Data Policy. To run the code, users must:\nDownload the yearly CSV files from the following link.\nCombine the files from 1996 onwards into one parquet file named all_non_classified_fines.parquet.\nPlace it in data\/raw\/ibama_fines\/.\nNote on versions: IBAMA keeps revising past records, and older extracts are not published. A new download will therefore not match the authors' 22 May 2025 extract exactly. For 1996\u20132010, today's files have only 1\u20134 additional fines per year, and fewer than 0.1% of records have changed status or municipality. Results may differ when using the published ones.","access_type":"Data is publicly available, but since it contains personal information it is not included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"The Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (IBAMA). 2023. Dados Abertos do Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renov\u00e1veis: Fiscaliza\u00e7\u00e3o \u2013 Auto de Infra\u00e7\u00e3o [dataset]. Accessed 2025-09.","uri":"https:\/\/dadosabertos.ibama.gov.br\/dataset\/fiscalizacao-auto-de-infracao\/resource\/b2aba344-95df-43c0-b2ba-f4353cfd9a00","license_uri":"https:\/\/dadosabertos.ibama.gov.br\/about","license":"Open Data"},{"name":"National Registry of Legal Entities (CNPJ) \u2013 Establishments","note":"Files: data\/raw\/slaughterhouses\/. Establishment-level records from the Receita Federal's Cadastro Nacional da Pessoa Jur\u00eddica (CNPJ), monthly release of June 2025 (reference date 14 June 2025). They are used to identify cattle slaughterhouses (CNAE 1011201\/1011205) and their openings and closings in 1996\u20132010.\n\nProcessing note: The establishment files (K3241.K03200Y[0-9].D50614.ESTABELE.csv, about 15 GB) are not included in the package because of their size. To get them, run bash data\/raw\/slaughterhouses\/download_cnpj.sh (needs curl and unzip, about 4.8 GB download). The script downloads the original, unchanged files from the June 2025 release (folder 2025-06) at the link below, unzips them into data\/raw\/slaughterhouses\/ and adds the .csv extension the code expects. The lookup tables (CNAE.csv, motivo.csv, municipios.csv) are included in the package. The verification was run with the files provided by the authors; if Receita Federal revises the files in this release, results may differ slightly.","access_type":"Data is publicly available, but due to size constraints, they are not included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"Receita Federal do Brasil. 2025. Cadastro Nacional da Pessoa Jur\u00eddica \u2013 CNPJ [dataset]. Accessed 2026-04.","uri":"https:\/\/dados.gov.br\/dados\/conjuntos-dados\/cadastro-nacional-da-pessoa-juridica---cnpj"},{"name":"Transport Logistics: Federal Roads 2005","note":"Files: data\/raw\/administrative_boundaries\/roads_geometries\/rodovia_2005.* (shapefile). Federal road network (paved and unpaved) in 2005, based on the 2002 network. Accessed 2020-08.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"IBGE. 2005. Log\u00edstica dos Transportes [dataset]. Accessed 2020-08.","uri":"https:\/\/www.ibge.gov.br\/geociencias\/cartas-e-mapas\/redes-geograficas\/15793-logistica-dos-transportes.html?edicao=24589&t=acesso-ao-produto","license":"Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nd\/3.0\/deed.en"},{"name":"Regional Divisions of Brazil","note":"Files: data\/raw\/administrative_boundaries\/BR_Municipios_2024\/, BR_UF_2024\/, BR_Pais_2024\/ (shapefiles), plus auxiliary municipality files in data\/raw\/administrative_boundaries\/. Geometries of municipalities, states and national borders. Accessed 2025-05.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"IBGE. 2023. Regional Divisions of Brazil. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE [dataset]. Accessed 2025-05.","uri":"https:\/\/www.ibge.gov.br\/en\/geosciences\/territorial-organization\/regional-division\/21536-regional-divisions-of-brazil.html","license":"Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nd\/3.0\/deed.en"},{"name":"Biomes of Brazil","note":"Files: data\/raw\/administrative_boundaries\/Biomas_250mil\/lm_bioma_250.* (shapefile). Geometries of Brazilian biomes at 1:250,000. Accessed 2025-05.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"IBGE. 2023. Biomes of Brazil. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE [dataset]. Accessed 2025-05.","uri":"https:\/\/www.ibge.gov.br\/geociencias\/informacoes-ambientais\/vegetacao\/15842-biomas.html?=&t=downloads","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nd\/3.0\/deed.en","license":"Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported"},{"name":"Minimum Comparable Areas (AMCs) 1872\u20132010","note":"File: data\/raw\/administrative_boundaries\/municipio_de_para.csv. Mapping of municipalities into minimum comparable areas, spatial units that are consistent over time, 1991\u20132010. Accessed 2020-01.","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","citation":"Ehrl, P. 2017. Minimum comparable areas for the period 1872\u20132010: an aggregation of Brazilian municipalities. Estudos Econ\u00f4micos (S\u00e3o Paulo) 47: 215\u2013229.","uri":"https:\/\/revistas.usp.br\/ee\/article\/view\/106909\/124729"}],"reproduction_instructions":"To reproduce the findings in this paper, a replicator must:\n\n1. Download the two datasets that are not included in the package:\n   - **Receita Federal CNPJ establishment files:** from the project folder, run `bash data\/raw\/slaughterhouses\/download_cnpj.sh`. The script downloads the files (about 4.8 GB) and places them in `data\/raw\/slaughterhouses\/` with the names the code expects.\n   - **IBAMA environmental fines:** download the yearly CSV files from the IBAMA open data portal (see the dataset description). Combine the files from 1996 onwards into a single file named `all_non_classified_fines.parquet` and place it in `data\/raw\/ibama_fines\/`. \n2. Open `code\/config\/paths` py, add your computer's hostname, and set the project folder, code folder, and conda executable for your machine, following the commented example.\n3. Open `code\/shifting_landscapes_replication_pkg.Rproj` in RStudio and run `code\/master.R`. \n\n**Note:** Some inputs in `data\/raw\/` were processed by the authors and are not the original public files:\n- **Google Earth Engine:** MapBiomas land use, indigenous lands and conservation units, FAO-GAEZ soy suitability, pasture suitability and pixel areas, aggregated to the 20 \u00d7 20 km grid.\n- **QGIS:** municipal areas and soy suitability.\n\nThe code for these steps is not included because processing the original data is time- and compute-intensive; the steps are described in the Data Appendix of the paper. The processed files are included in the package, and the reproducibility verification was run from them. Once the two datasets described in step 2 are downloaded, all code in the package runs from the data provided.","technology_environment":"Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:\n\u2022 OS: macOS Tahoe\n\u2022 Processor: Apple M4 Pro\n\u2022 Memory available: 24.0 GB\nAt least 38 GB of available storage. macOS only."},"datacite":{"creators":[{"givenName":"Marie-Louise","familyName":"Decamps","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ae7jd04","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]}],"titles":[{"lang":"en","title":"Reproducibility package for Shifting Landscapes: The Impact Of Agricultural Innovation On Deforestation"},{"title":"RR_BRA_2026_751","titleType":"Other"}],"publisher":"World Bank","publicationYear":"2026","types":{"resourceType":"Reproducibility package","resourceTypeGeneral":"Other"},"url":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/study\/RR_BRA_2026_751","language":"en"},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"},{"tag":"Open Code"},{"tag":"Open Data"}],"schematype":"script"}