{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DECDI","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2026-10-13","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Geetika Nagpal","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"gnagpal@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Alejandro Molnar","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"aimolnar@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Forhad Shilpi","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"fshilpi@worldbank.org"}],"title_statement":{"title":"Reproducibility package for The Pink Tax: Gender Norms And Rental Housing For Single Women In India","idno":"RR_IND_2026_745"},"data_statement":"The reproducibility package relies on three types of data: open, limited-access and restricted data. For the source, access type, file location, and citation of each dataset, refer to the Datasets section and the README file.","software":[{"name":"Stata","version":"19.5 MP"},{"name":"QGIS","version":"3.42"}],"scripts":[{"title":"Reproducibility package for The Pink Tax: Gender Norms And Rental Housing For Single Women In India","date":"2026-10","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.","instructions":"See README in reproducibility package.","file_name":"RR_IND_2026_745","zip_package":"RR_IND_2026_745.zip","dependencies":"Stata dependencies are listed in the ado folder."}],"repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"production_date":"2026-10-13","abstract":"We document a novel gender \u201cpink tax\u201d in the housing market for singles in India. Leveraging detailed data from India\u2019s two largest online property listing portals, covering more than 230 cities, we find that rent for shared housing accommodation listed for women is 6-8% higher than that for men, after controlling for an extensive set of housing arrangements, amenities, and granular neighborhood fixed effects. We find similar gendered housing premiums in property listings data from Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, and in household survey data on actual rents in India. From a decomposition analysis, we find that about half of the gap is due to supply-side costs of renting to women and the remaining to demand-side sorting. The within-building gap is large among locally rooted small operators who face greater reputational burden induced by gender norms but disappears among large professional providers. On the demand side, sorting pattern and higher rental premium paid by students also point to the importance of conservative gender norms. Utilizing measures of ancestral and contemporary norms, we find a larger gap in places where gender norms are more restrictive.","geographic_units":[{"name":"India","code":"IND"}],"keywords":[{"name":"Housing"},{"name":"Gender Gaps"},{"name":"Digital Platforms"},{"name":"India"}],"topics":[{"id":"J16","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Economics of Gender \u2022 Non-labor Discrimination","parent_id":"J1"},{"id":" O18","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Urban, Rural, Regional, and Transportation Analysis \u2022 Housing \u2022 Infrastructure","parent_id":"O1"},{"id":" R21","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Housing Demand","parent_id":"R2"},{"id":" R31","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Housing Supply and Markets","parent_id":"R3"},{"id":" Z13","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Economic Sociology \u2022 Economic Anthropology \u2022 Language \u2022 Social and Economic Stratification ","parent_id":"Z1"}],"output":[{"type":"Working Paper","description":"Policy Research Working Paper (PRWP)","title":"The Pink Tax: Gender Norms And Rental Housing For Single Women In India"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"technology_requirements":"Run time: ~25 minutes","disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"MIT License","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/mit"},{"name":"World Bank IGO Rider","uri":"https:\/\/github.com\/worldbank\/metadata-editor\/blob\/main\/WB-IGO-RIDER.md"}],"contacts":[{"name":"Geetika Nagpal","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"gnagpal@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}],"datasets":[{"name":"Ancestral Characteristics Database of Modern Populations","uri":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.13319191","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","note":"File location: data\/raw\/social_norms\/Ancestral_Characteristics_Database_Language_Level\/EthnoAtlas_Ethnologue16_baseline_by_language.dta and data\/raw\/social_norms\/Ancestral_Characteristics_Database_Language_Level\/Ethnologue_16_shapefile\/. \nThe database maps ethnographic variables from the Ethnographic Atlas onto Ethnologue language groups; its construction is described in Giuliano, P., and N. Nunn. 2018. \"Ancestral Characteristics of Modern Populations.\" Economic History of Developing Regions 33(1): 1-17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/20780389.2018.1435267","license":"CC BY-NC 4.0","citation":"Murdock, G. P., R. Textor, H. Barry III, D. R. White, J. P. Gray, and W. T. Divale. 1999. \"Ethnographic Atlas\" [dataset]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.13319191","license_uri":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"name":"Census of India, 2011","uri":"https:\/\/censusindia.gov.in\/census.website\/data\/census-tables","access_type":"Data is publicly available but does not allow redistribution and is not included in the reproducibility package.","note":"File location: data\/raw\/social_norms\/census\/2011\/. Tables B-01, C-08, F-01, F-09, C-02, C-01, D-05.","license":"Terms and Conditions of the Census of India website","citation":"Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. 2011. \"Census of India\" [dataset]. https:\/\/censusindia.gov.in\/census.website\/data\/census-tables. Accessed February 2024.","license_uri":"https:\/\/censusindia.gov.in\/census.website\/en\/node\/288"},{"name":"National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5), 2019-21","uri":"https:\/\/dhsprogram.com\/data\/available-datasets.cfm","access_type":"Data access requires purchase or human approval and is not included in the reproducibility package.","note":"File location: data\/raw\/social_norms\/dhs\/2019-21\/IAIR7EDT\/IAIR7EFL.DTA. Free registration and an approved data request are required. For more details, refer to the README file.","license":"DHS Program Data Use Terms","citation":"International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and ICF. 2021. \"National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5), 2019-21: India\" [dataset]. Mumbai: IIPS. https:\/\/dhsprogram.com\/data\/available-datasets.cfm. Accessed March 2023.","license_uri":"https:\/\/dhsprogram.com\/data\/terms-of-use.cfm"},{"name":"Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) district codes to National Informatics Centre (NIC) boundary crosswalk","access_type":"Data access requires purchase or human approval and is not included in the reproducibility package.","note":"File location: data\/processed\/social_norms\/match_shp_cen91_dhs98.xlsx. Sheet match_dhs19_nic19 maps DHS-2019 state and district codes and names to National Informatics Centre 2019 boundary codes.","citation":"Authors' compilation. Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) district codes to National Informatics Centre (NIC) boundary crosswalk [dataset]. Based on DHS 2019-21 district identifiers and NIC 2019 district boundary codes."},{"name":"Household Consumption Expenditure Survey (HCES)","uri":"https:\/\/microdata.gov.in\/NADA\/index.php\/catalog\/237\/get-microdata","access_type":"Data access requires purchase or human approval and is not included in the reproducibility package.","note":"File location: data\/raw\/NSSO\/HCES_24\/hces24_lvl_{01,02,03,09,15}.txt. Portal registration is required to download the microdata; reference ID DDI-IND-MOSPI-NSS-HCES23-24; Survey period August 2023-July 2024.","license":"National Statistics Office of India Term of Use","citation":"National Sample Survey Office (NSS), Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI). 2025. \"Household Consumption Expenditure Survey: 2023-24\" [dataset]. DDI-IND-MOSPI-NSS-HCES23-24. https:\/\/microdata.gov.in\/NADA\/index.php\/catalog\/237. Accessed January 2025.","license_uri":"https:\/\/microdata.gov.in\/NADA\/index.php\/home\/terms-of-use"},{"name":"Rental listing platform data, India","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners\/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","note":"File location: data\/raw\/real_estate\/PG\/*_cleaned.dta (de-identified listings) and data\/processed\/real_estate\/PG\/*_for_regressions.dta (analysis extracts built from them). A replicator can request the data by emailing the authors (aimolnar@gmail.com, gnagpal@worldbank.org, fshilpi@worldbank.org).","citation":"Online property listing platforms. 2025. \"Rental listing data, India\" [dataset]. Unpublished data. Accessed April 2025."},{"name":"Rental listing platform data, Bangladesh (Platform B) and Sri Lanka (Platform I)","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners\/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","note":"File location: data\/processed\/real_estate\/B\/1_individual_listing_thru_2024_12_31.rentals.dta (Platform B, Bangladesh) and data\/processed\/real_estate\/B\/3_individual_listing_thru_2024_12_31.rentals.dta (Platform I, Sri Lanka). Note that both files sit in the B\/ folder despite the platform letters. A replicator can request the data by emailing the authors (aimolnar@gmail.com, gnagpal@worldbank.org, fshilpi@worldbank.org).","citation":"Online property listing platforms. 2025. \"Rental listing data, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka\" [dataset]. Unpublished data. Accessed May 2025."},{"name":"SafetiPin Street Safety Audit Data","uri":"https:\/\/safetipin.com\/","access_type":"Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners\/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","note":"File location: data\/raw\/safetipin\/safetipin_{blr,delhi,hyd,kolkata}_a4ls1.v3.dbf. Street safety audits for Bengaluru, Delhi, Hyderabad and Kolkata. To request access, email Rithvika Rajiv at rithvika.rajiv@safetipin.com. A Data User Agreement is signed before data is shared.","license":"Safetipin Terms and Conditions","citation":"SafetiPin. 2022. \"Street Safety Audit Data: Bengaluru, Delhi, Hyderabad, Kolkata\" [dataset]. Unpublished data. Accessed April 2022.","license_uri":"https:\/\/safetipin.com\/site\/termsConditions\/"},{"name":"Neighborhood market and place-tag outputs","access_type":"Data is publicly available but does not allow redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.","note":"File location: data\/processed\/markets\/gtag_a4ls1.dta and data\/processed\/poi\/final.with_spatial_labels.dta, both read by 4_figures.do. Derived from Google POI matching and GHSL population rasters; the Google Maps terms of service constrain redistribution. For further detail, contact the authors (aimolnar@gmail.com, gnagpal@worldbank.org, fshilpi@worldbank.org).","license":"Google Maps\/Google Earth Additional Terms of Service","citation":"Authors' compilation. 2025. Neighborhood market and place-tag outputs [dataset]. Based on Google Points Of Interests (POI) matching and the Global Human Settlement Layer (GHSL) Population Raster.","license_uri":"https:\/\/www.google.com\/help\/terms_maps\/"},{"name":"Census District Boundaries, 2011","uri":"https:\/\/github.com\/datameet\/maps\/tree\/master\/Districts\/Census_2011","access_type":"Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.","note":"File location: gis\/admin\/census\/2011_Dist\/ (shapefile set). District names and extents are derived from the Census of India Administrative Atlas 2011; taluk boundaries come from GeoCommons and Bhuvan.","license":"CC BY 2.5 India","citation":"DataMeet Community Maps Project. 2011. \"Census 2011 district boundaries\" [shapefile]. https:\/\/github.com\/datameet\/maps\/tree\/master\/Districts\/Census_2011. Accessed March 2021.","license_uri":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.5\/in\/"}],"reproduction_instructions":"To reproduce the findings in this paper, a replicator must:\n1. **Secure Access to Data:** Access the datasets not included in the package. See the Datasets section for more details.\n2. **Run the Package:**\n  - Update the working directory in line 20 of the do-file `0_run_all`, and run it.\n\nSince not all the data is included, the package includes the results produced by replicators. These files can be used to review the results presented in the paper.","technology_environment":" Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:\n - OS: macOS Tahoe 26.6.2\n - Processor: Apple M4\n - Memory: 16.0 GB"},"datacite":{"creators":[{"givenName":"Geetika","familyName":"Nagpal","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ae7jd04","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]},{"givenName":"Alejandro","familyName":"Molnar","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ae7jd04","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]},{"givenName":"Forhad","familyName":"Shilpi","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ae7jd04","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]}],"titles":[{"lang":"en","title":"Reproducibility package for The Pink Tax: Gender Norms And Rental Housing For Single Women In India"},{"title":"RR_IND_2026_745","titleType":"Other"}],"publisher":"World Bank","publicationYear":"2026","types":{"resourceType":"Reproducibility package","resourceTypeGeneral":"Other"},"url":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/study\/RR_IND_2026_745","language":"en"},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"},{"tag":"Open Code"},{"tag":"Restricted Data"}],"schematype":"script"}