{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DECDI","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2026-10-21","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Patrick Premand","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"ppremand@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Pascale Schnitzer","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"pschnitzer@worldbank.org"}],"title_statement":{"title":"Reproducibility package for Impacts and Spillovers of a Low-Cost Multifaceted Economic Inclusion Program","idno":"PP_TCD_2026_777"},"data_statement":"The reproducibility package relies on one type of data: limited-access. For the source, access type, file location, and citation of each dataset, refer to the Datasets section and the README file.","software":[{"name":"Stata","version":"18.5 MP"},{"name":"Excel"}],"scripts":[{"title":"Reproducibility package for Impacts and Spillovers of a Low-Cost Multifaceted Economic Inclusion Program","date":"2026-10","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.","instructions":"See README in reproducibility package.","file_name":"PP_TCD_2026_777","zip_package":"PP_TCD_2026_777.zip","dependencies":"Stata dependencies are listed in the ado folder."}],"repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"production_date":"2026-10-21","abstract":"Governments are increasingly adopting the graduation model to improve the income-generating activities of populations in extreme poverty. This paper analyzes the direct effects and local spillovers of a low-cost multifaceted economic inclusion program through an RCT in Chad. The intervention included savings group promotion, micro-entrepreneurship training, and a lump-sum cash grant delivered to poor female beneficiaries of a regular cash transfer program. It was designed to address multiple constraints to productivity and livelihoods, but at a much lower cost (approximately $104 per household) than most stand-alone graduation programs. The results show substantial impacts on food consumption 18 months post-intervention. A reallocation of labor between economic activities is observed, along with higher revenues from agriculture and off-farm micro-enterprises. The intervention improved women's empowerment and some dimensions of social well-being. There are positive local spillovers, with improvements in food consumption and economic activities among households that were not assigned to the economic inclusion program in targeted villages. The results are consistent with the intervention improving saving mechanisms as well as demand-side effects in a setting with weakly integrated markets. Accounting for spillovers makes the program highly cost-effective.","geographic_units":[{"name":"Chad","code":"TCD"}],"keywords":[{"name":"poverty"},{"name":"graduation"},{"name":"economic inclusion"},{"name":"livelihoods"},{"name":"cash grant"},{"name":"social protection"},{"name":"spillovers"},{"name":"field experiment"}],"topics":[{"id":"D13","name":"Household Production and Intrahousehold Allocation","parent_id":"D1","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel"},{"id":"D14","name":"Household Saving \u2022 Personal Finance","parent_id":"D1","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel"},{"id":"O12","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","name":"Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development","parent_id":"O1"},{"id":"O13","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","name":"Agriculture \u2022 Natural Resources \u2022 Energy \u2022 Environment \u2022 Other Primary Products","parent_id":"O1"},{"id":"O17","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","name":"Formal and Informal Sectors \u2022 Shadow Economy \u2022 Institutional Arrangements","parent_id":"O1"},{"id":"I38","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","name":"Government Policy \u2022 Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs","parent_id":"I3"}],"output":[{"type":"Journal Article","title":"Impacts and Spillovers of a Low-Cost Multifaceted Economic Inclusion Program","authors":"Patrick Premand, Pascale Schnitzer"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"technology_requirements":"Run time: approximately 30 minutes","disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"MIT License","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/mit"},{"name":"World Bank IGO Rider","uri":"https:\/\/github.com\/worldbank\/metadata-editor\/blob\/main\/WB-IGO-RIDER.md"}],"contacts":[{"name":"Patrick Premand","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"ppremand@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}],"datasets":[{"name":"Adaptive Social Protection Program Productive Inclusion 2018","note":"Household survey data collected by the study authors during the baseline round of the impact evaluation of a low-cost multi-faceted economic inclusion program in Chad, conducted in 2018. Data accessed in October 2026. The data are available under licensed access from the World Bank Microdata Library and are not included in the reproducibility package; data_hash_report.csv lists the SHA256 hash of each file. All data files were edited and anonymized by the authors for public distribution. Household GPS coordinates were removed because they constitute personally identifiable information and were replaced with simulated data; as a result, Table A4, which uses GPS coordinates to compute distances between villages, displays different results from the paper. The baseline survey is stored as one main household-level file and 28 section-level files covering agriculture (plots and crops for the rainy and dry seasons), household and agricultural assets, employment and wage conditions, finance (credit, other savings and tontines), food consumption, non-food consumption, livestock, the household roster and members, non-agricultural businesses, program participation, the social module, and transfers. The files are prepared by the scripts in Analysis\/Do\/01_prepare (called by Analysis\/Do\/01_prepare.do), cleaned and used to construct outcomes by the scripts in Analysis\/Do\/02_cleaning (called by Analysis\/Do\/02_cleaning.do), combined into a single baseline dataset by Analysis\/Do\/03_construct.do, and merged with the follow-up data by Analysis\/Do\/04_merge_phases.do. The baseline data are used for the regression controls, the balance and attrition tables (Analysis\/Do\/06_balance_and_attrition.do), and the cost-benefit analysis. File location: tchad_ie_baseline9.dta, tchad_ie_baseline9-gp_consent-section_agriculture-section_cropsdry1-rpt_plotdry.dta, tchad_ie_baseline9-gp_consent-section_agriculture-section_cropsdry2-rpt_dcrops2.dta, tchad_ie_baseline9-gp_consent-section_agriculture-section_cropsrain1-rpt_plotrain.dta, tchad_ie_baseline9-gp_consent-section_agriculture-section_cropsrain2-rpt_rcrops2.dta, tchad_ie_baseline9-gp_consent-section_agriculture-section_plot-rpt_plots.dta, tchad_ie_baseline9-gp_consent-section_assets-rpt_ag_ass.dta, tchad_ie_baseline9-gp_consent-section_assets-rpt_hh_ass.dta, tchad_ie_baseline9-gp_consent-section_emploi-rpt_empl.dta, tchad_ie_baseline9-gp_consent-section_emploi-rpt_wrk.dta, tchad_ie_baseline9-gp_consent-section_finance-part_credit-rpt_cred.dta, tchad_ie_baseline9-gp_consent-section_finance-part_othersave-gp_savemoreinfo.dta, tchad_ie_baseline9-gp_consent-section_finance-part_tontines-rpt_ton.dta, tchad_ie_baseline9-gp_consent-section_foodconsumption-rpt_consum1.dta, tchad_ie_baseline9-gp_consent-section_foodconsumption-rpt_consum2.dta, tchad_ie_baseline9-gp_consent-section_livestock-rpt_ani1.dta, tchad_ie_baseline9-gp_consent-section_members-rpt_mem2.dta, tchad_ie_baseline9-gp_consent-section_na-gp_bus2-rpt_bus2.dta, tchad_ie_baseline9-gp_consent-section_na-rpt_bus1.dta, tchad_ie_baseline9-gp_consent-section_nfconsumption-gp_cel-rpt_cel1.dta, tchad_ie_baseline9-gp_consent-section_nfconsumption-gp_cel-rpt_cel2.dta, tchad_ie_baseline9-gp_consent-section_nfconsumption-gp_nonfood-rpt_nonfood.dta, tchad_ie_baseline9-gp_consent-section_programs-rpt_prog.dta, tchad_ie_baseline9-gp_consent-section_roster-rpt_mem.dta, tchad_ie_baseline9-gp_consent-section_social-rpt_conf.dta, tchad_ie_baseline9-gp_consent-section_transfers-rpt_trans.dta, tchad_ie_baseline9-gp_drykeycond-rpt_dcrops.dta, tchad_ie_baseline9-gp_empl_cond-rpt_sal.dta, and tchad_ie_baseline9-gp_rainkeycond-rpt_rcrops.dta in Baseline\/02_deduplicated_deidentified. The baseline study also includes the proxy-means-test targeting file and the village list used to build the experimental design (Analysis\/Do\/01_prepare\/00_clean_rand_strata.do). File location: PMT_DATA_HH_FINAL_revisedv2.dta in Baseline\/pmt and all_villages.dta in Baseline\/pop.","uri":"https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/catalog\/6644","citation":"Premand, Patrick, and Pascale Schnitzer. 2018. \"Adaptive Social Protection Program Productive Inclusion 2018\" [dataset]. World Bank Microdata Library. https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/catalog\/6644.","access_type":"Data access requires purchase or human approval and is not included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Custom license","license_url":"https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/catalog\/6644\/get-microdata","license_uri":"https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/catalog\/6644\/get-microdata"},{"name":"Adaptive Social Protection Program Productive Inclusion 2021","note":"Household survey data collected by the study authors during the follow-up round of the impact evaluation of a low-cost multi-faceted economic inclusion program in Chad, conducted in 2021. Data accessed in October 2026. The data are available under licensed access from the World Bank Microdata Library and are not included in the reproducibility package; data_hash_report.csv lists the SHA256 hash of each file. All data files were edited and anonymized by the authors for public distribution. Household GPS coordinates were removed because they constitute personally identifiable information and were replaced with simulated data; as a result, Table A4, which uses GPS coordinates to compute distances between villages, displays different results from the paper. The follow-up survey is stored as one main household-level file and 27 section-level files covering agriculture (rainy-season plots and crops), household and agricultural assets, cash transfers (purchase types and transfers sent), employment and wage conditions (including a separate module for the household head), finance (credit, other savings and savings groups), food consumption, non-food consumption, housing improvements, livestock, the household roster and members, non-agricultural businesses, program participation, shocks, and transfers. The files are prepared by the scripts in Analysis\/Do\/01_prepare (called by Analysis\/Do\/01_prepare.do), cleaned and used to construct outcomes by the scripts in Analysis\/Do\/02_cleaning (called by Analysis\/Do\/02_cleaning.do), combined into a single follow-up dataset by Analysis\/Do\/03_construct.do, and merged with the baseline data by Analysis\/Do\/04_merge_phases.do. The follow-up outcomes are used in the regression tables generated by Analysis\/Do\/05_regs.do and in the cost-benefit analysis generated by Analysis\/Do\/07_cba.do. File location: tchad_ie follow-up 1_deid.dta, tchad_ie follow-up 1-gp_consent-section_agriculture-section_cropsrain1-rpt_plotrain.dta, tchad_ie follow-up 1-gp_consent-section_agriculture-section_cropsrain2-rpt_rcrops2.dta, tchad_ie follow-up 1-gp_consent-section_agriculture-section_plots-rpt_plots.dta, tchad_ie follow-up 1-gp_consent-section_assets-rpt_ag_ass.dta, tchad_ie follow-up 1-gp_consent-section_assets-rpt_hh_ass.dta, tchad_ie follow-up 1-gp_consent-section_cashtrans-rpt_buytypes.dta, tchad_ie follow-up 1-gp_consent-section_cashtrans-rpt_trans_send.dta, tchad_ie follow-up 1-gp_consent-section_emploi_chef-gp_empl_cond_chef-rpt_sal_chef.dta, tchad_ie follow-up 1-gp_consent-section_emploi-gp_empl_cond-rpt_sal.dta, tchad_ie follow-up 1-gp_consent-section_finance-part_credit-rpt_cred.dta, tchad_ie follow-up 1-gp_consent-section_finance-part_othersave-gp_savemoreinfo.dta, tchad_ie follow-up 1-gp_consent-section_finance-part_savgroup-rpt_ton.dta, tchad_ie follow-up 1-gp_consent-section_foodconsumption-rpt_consum1.dta, tchad_ie follow-up 1-gp_consent-section_foodconsumption-rpt_consum2.dta, tchad_ie follow-up 1-gp_consent-section_housing-r_improve.dta, tchad_ie follow-up 1-gp_consent-section_livestock-r_four.dta, tchad_ie follow-up 1-gp_consent-section_livestock-rpt_ani1.dta, tchad_ie follow-up 1-gp_consent-section_members-rpt_mem2.dta, tchad_ie follow-up 1-gp_consent-section_na-gp_bus2-rpt_bus2.dta, tchad_ie follow-up 1-gp_consent-section_nfconsumption-gp_cel-rpt_cel1.dta, tchad_ie follow-up 1-gp_consent-section_nfconsumption-gp_cel-rpt_cel2.dta, tchad_ie follow-up 1-gp_consent-section_nfconsumption-gp_nonfood-rpt_nonfood.dta, tchad_ie follow-up 1-gp_consent-section_programs-rpt_prog.dta, tchad_ie follow-up 1-gp_consent-section_roster-rpt_mem.dta, tchad_ie follow-up 1-gp_consent-section_shocks-rpt_shocks2.dta, tchad_ie follow-up 1-gp_consent-section_transfers-rpt_trans.dta, and tchad_ie follow-up 1-gp_rainkeycond-rpt_rcrops.dta in Followup\/02_deduplicated_deidentified","uri":"https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/catalog\/6645","citation":"Premand, Patrick, and Pascale Schnitzer. 2021. \"Adaptive Social Protection Program Productive Inclusion 2021\" [dataset]. World Bank Microdata Library. https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/catalog\/6645.","access_type":"Data access requires purchase or human approval and is not included in the reproducibility package.","license":"Custom license","license_url":"https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/catalog\/6645\/get-microdata","license_uri":"https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/catalog\/6645\/get-microdata"}],"reproduction_instructions":"To reproduce the findings in this paper, a replicator must:\n1. Secure Access to Data: request the baseline (2018) and follow-up (2021) survey data from the World Bank Microdata Library (licensed access) and place the files under Data\/ as listed in the Datasets section.\n2. Run the Package: set the global package_dir on line 22 of Analysis\/Do\/MASTER_CHAD.do to the location where you saved the reproducibility folder, and run MASTER_CHAD.do. Outputs are saved in the Analysis\/Output folder. If running programs individually, note that order is important.\n\nCritical notes:\n- Excel is used once by a Stata script through a VBS script to compute the internal rate of return (IRR Excel function) during the cost-benefit analysis. Before running the code, enable Trust Access to the VBA Project Object Model: (1) Open Excel. (2) Go to File > Options > Trust Center > Trust Center Settings. (3) In the Trust Center window, select Macro Settings. (4) Check the box for Trust access to the VBA project object model. (5) Click OK to save and close the settings.\n- To facilitate the replication process, tables.tex (which contains all the tables) and the corresponding PDF are included in the Analysis\/Output folder.","technology_environment":"Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:\n- OS: Windows 11 Enterprise\n- Processor: Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 6226R CPU @ 2.90 GHz (2 processors)\n- Memory available: 16.0 GB\n- Software version: Stata 18.5 MP"},"datacite":{"creators":[{"givenName":"Patrick","familyName":"Premand","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ae7jd04","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]},{"givenName":"Pascale","familyName":"Schnitzer","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ae7jd04","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]}],"titles":[{"lang":"en","title":"Reproducibility package for Impacts and Spillovers of a Low-Cost Multifaceted Economic Inclusion Program"},{"title":"PP_TCD_2026_777","titleType":"Other"}],"publisher":"World Bank","publicationYear":"2026","types":{"resourceType":"Reproducibility package","resourceTypeGeneral":"Other"},"url":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/study\/PP_TCD_2026_777","language":"en"},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"},{"tag":"Limited-access data"},{"tag":"Open Code"}],"schematype":"script"}