{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","abbr":"DECDI","affiliation":"World Bank - Development Impact Department","role":"Verification and preparation of metadata"}],"prod_date":"2026-10-28","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Juli\u00e1n Pierino Pedrazzi","affiliation":"Universidad Nacional de La Plata","email":"pedrazzi.julian@gmail.com"},{"name":"Jorge M. Ag\u00fcero","affiliation":"University of Connecticut","email":"jorge.aguero@uconn.edu"},{"name":"Viviana M.E. Perego","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"vperego@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Javier Romero","affiliation":"World Bank ","email":"javierromero@worldbank.org"}],"title_statement":{"title":"Reproducibility package for Privacy And Measurement Error In Phone Surveys: The Case Of Women\u2019s Agency","idno":"RR_GTM_2026_772"},"data_statement":"The reproducibility package relies on 1 type of data: forthcoming. For the source, access type, file location, and citation of each dataset, refer to the Datasets section and the README file.","software":[{"name":"Stata","version":"19.5 MP"}],"scripts":[{"title":"Reproducibility package for Privacy And Measurement Error In Phone Surveys: The Case Of Women\u2019s Agency","date":"2026-10","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.","instructions":"See README in reproducibility package.","file_name":"RR_GTM_2026_772","zip_package":"RR_GTM_2026_772.zip","dependencies":"Stata dependencies are listed in the ado folder."}],"repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"production_date":"2026-10-28","abstract":"There is a growing literature focusing on measurement error in self-reported data. This paper studies the case of women's agency, a key outcome in economic development, and introduces a simple and cost-effective corrective measure to enhance the reliability of data collection around sensitive topics. The study draws from a survey experiment in rural Guatemala where 1,183 women received the same questions about their agency as part of a phone survey, but the privacy of their responses was varied.Women in the control group answered verbally. The first treatment group used code words to conceal answers from potential bystanders. The second treatment arm used the phone keypad to conceal answers from bystanders and the enumerator alike. The paper finds that women answering under higher levels of privacy report lower levels of agency, by 0.19 standard deviations on an aggregate index. The effects of the two privacy treatments cannot be statistically distinguished. The effect is concentrated among women with higher social standing, and qualitative interviews indicate that agency is socially valued in this setting. Both patterns point to social desirability bias as the most likely explanation for why reported agency responds to privacy.","geographic_units":[{"name":"Guatemala","code":"GTM"}],"keywords":[{"name":"Field Experiments"},{"name":"Measurement"},{"name":"Survey Design"},{"name":"Gender"},{"name":"Women\u2019s Agency"}],"topics":[{"id":"C93","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Field Experiments","parent_id":"C9"},{"id":" J16","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Economics of Gender \u2022 Non-labor Discrimination","parent_id":"J1"},{"id":" O12","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","name":"Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development","parent_id":"O1"}],"output":[{"type":"Working Paper","description":"Policy Research Working Paper (PRWP)","title":"Privacy And Measurement Error In Phone Surveys: The Case Of Women\u2019s Agency"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"technology_requirements":"Run time: ~1 minute","disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"MIT License","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/mit"},{"name":"World Bank IGO Rider","uri":"https:\/\/github.com\/worldbank\/metadata-editor\/blob\/main\/WB-IGO-RIDER.md"}],"contacts":[{"name":"Juli\u00e1n Pierino Pedrazzi","affiliation":"Universidad Nacional de La Plata","email":"pedrazzi.julian@gmail.com"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}],"technology_environment":"Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:\n\u2013 OS: Windows 11 Enterprise\n\u2013 Processor: INTEL(R) XEON(R) PLATINUM 8562Y+ 2.80 GHz (2 processors)\n\u2013 Memory available: 32.0 GB","reproduction_instructions":"To reproduce the findings in this paper, a replicator must:.\n1. **Get the data:** Download the two anonymized extracts from the World Bank Microdata Library (forthcoming) and place them in 1_Data\/. \n2. **Run the Package:** Update the working directory in line 47 of the do-file `00 - Master Do`, and run it.\n\n**Note:** The reproducibility package begins with anonymized extracts of the underlying survey data. Personally identifiable information (name, phone number, exact location) was removed by the authors in a pre-processing step that operates on the raw, PII-containing data. The anonymized datasets can be used to fully reproduce the results in the paper. Additionally, the qualitative evidence in Section 5.3 of the paper (semi-structured phone interviews with 104 participants) were not shared with the reviewers and are not included in the reproducibility package.","datasets":[{"name":"Privacy and Measurement Error in Phone Surveys: The Case of Women's Agency","note":"File location: 1_Data\/. Filenames: clean_empowerment_with_age_village_land_anonymized.dta, gua_digitagro_el_no_pii_final_indiv_anonymized.dta. This data was collected by the authors as an add-on to the endline of the DIGITAGRO impact evaluation (1. Perego, V., Romero, J., Freeman, K., Lopez, A., Ortiz, G., Salas, H., Ramirez, R., Locatelli, A., Orihuela, D. and de Ferrari, C. (2022), Digitagro: Investing in digital technology to increase market access for women agripenurs in Guatemala, Report ACS34060, The World Bank, Washington, DC. 2.  Lopez, R. A., Perego, V. M. E. and Romero, J. (2025), \"Investing in digital technology t o increase market access for smallholder farmers: Experimental evidence from rural Guatemala\", Working Paper). These two datasets are anonymized extracts of the underlying survey data and are forthcoming in the World Bank Microdata Library. Once published, they should be placed in 1_Data\/. Personally identifiable information (PII), including names, phone numbers, and exact location data, was removed by the authors during a pre-processing step applied to the raw, PII-containing data. As this step requires access to the original data containing PII, it cannot be performed by replicators and is therefore not included in the reproducibility package.","access_type":"Data is forthcoming in the World Bank Microdata Library","license":"Custom license","citation":"Ag\u00fcero, J. M., Pedrazzi, J. P., Perego, V. M. E. and Romero, J. 2026. \"Privacy and Measurement Error in Phone Surveys: The Case of Women's Agency\". [dataset]. [Forthcoming].","uri":"Forthcoming at https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/"}]},"datacite":{"creators":[{"givenName":"Juli\u00e1n Pierino","familyName":"Pedrazzi","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Nacional de La Plata","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01tjs6929","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]},{"givenName":"Jorge M.","familyName":"Ag\u00fcero","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Connecticut","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02der9h97","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]},{"givenName":"Viviana M.E.","familyName":"Perego","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ae7jd04","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]},{"givenName":"Javier","familyName":"Romero","nameType":"Personal","affiliation":[{"name":"The World Bank","affiliationIdentifier":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ae7jd04","affiliationIdentifierScheme":"ROR","schemeUri":"https:\/\/ror.org"}]}],"titles":[{"lang":"en","title":"Reproducibility package for Privacy And Measurement Error In Phone Surveys: The Case Of Women\u2019s Agency"},{"title":"RR_GTM_2026_772","titleType":"Other"}],"publisher":"World Bank","publicationYear":"2026","types":{"resourceType":"Reproducibility package","resourceTypeGeneral":"Other"},"url":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/study\/RR_GTM_2026_772","language":"en"},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"},{"tag":"Forthcoming Data"},{"tag":"Open Code"}],"schematype":"script"}