{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reyes Retana","abbr":"MRR","affiliation":"World Bank","role":"Junior Data Scientist"}],"prod_date":"2023-10-16","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"title_statement":{"idno":"RR_WLD_2023_27-v01","title":"Reproducibility package for Digital Payments and the COVID-19 Shock: The Role of Pre-Existing Conditions in Banking, Infrastructure, Human Capabilities, and Digital Regulation","identifiers":[{"type":"DOI","identifier":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.60572\/w1wm-3075"}]},"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Robert Cull","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"rcull@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Vivien Foster","email":"v.foster@imperial.ac.uk","affiliation":"Imperial College London"},{"name":"Dean Jolliffe","email":"djolliffe@worldbank.org","affiliation":"World Bank"},{"name":"Daniel Lederman","email":"dlederman@worldbank.org","affiliation":"World Bank"},{"name":"Davide Salvatore Mare","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"dmare@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Malarvizhi Veerappan","email":"mveerappan@worldbank.org","affiliation":"World Bank"}],"production_date":"2023-10","abstract":"Treating data collected pre- and post-COVID as a quasi-experiment, this paper examines the importance of presumed enablers and safeguards in driving the observed expansion of digital payments and digital financial inclusion. We interact drivers of digital payments usage with a country-specific proxy of the severity of the Covid shock, leveraging variation in both the drivers and the quasi-treatment (i.e., the COVID shock) to better identify the parameters. While regulation of banks and digital economic activity were correlated with digital payments before and during the pandemic, the capabilities of users and connectivity (to electricity, the internet, and mobile telephony) were responsible for increased use of digital financial services in response to the shock. One interpretation is that governments and the private sector were able to overcome underdeveloped banking systems and weak regulation of the digital economy; but only where there was adequate digital infrastructure, connectivity, and a high share of the population that understood and could make use of digital payments.","geographic_units":[{"name":"World","code":"WLD","type":"Region"}],"keywords":[{"name":"digital payments"},{"name":"financial inclusion"},{"name":"COVID-19"},{"name":"Global Findex Database"}],"topics":[{"id":"G5","parent_id":"G","name":"Household Finance","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)"},{"name":"Financial Literacy","id":"G53","parent_id":"G5","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)"},{"name":"Crisis Management","id":"H12","parent_id":"H1","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)"},{"name":"Instrumental Variables (IV) Estimation","parent_id":"C2","id":"C26","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)"}],"output":[{"type":"Working Paper","description":"Policy Research Working Paper (PRWP) 10603","authors":"Robert Cull, Vivien Foster, Dean Jolliffe, Daniel Lederman, Davide Salvatore Mare, Malarvizhi Veerappan","title":"Digital Payments and the COVID-19 Shock: The Role of Pre-Existing Conditions in Banking, Infrastructure, Human Capabilities, and Digital Regulation","uri":"http:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/099454311132327828\/IDU08c76166f0dda20435909e82051f6aa962419","doi":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1596\/1813-9450-10603"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"data_statement":"All data is public and contained in the reproducibility package. The code runs from intermediate data, but there are clear instructions in the README on how to reproduce the intermediate data from the raw data, and the code to do that is also included. All the raw data is public. However, one data file (brss543_yearpanel_20190305.dta) is not yet publicly available. ","datasets":[{"name":"data\/db_2023_09.dta","note":"This is the data file created by the authors, and it is the data from which the main code runs. The file contained in the reproducibility package compiled by the authors contains information on multiple data sources, which are listed in the following entries. \n","access_type":"Published with package"},{"name":"data\/raw_data\/Coun_class_2021.xlsx","note":"World Bank Country and Lending Groups","access_type":"Published with package","uri":"https:\/\/datahelpdesk.worldbank.org\/knowledgebase\/articles\/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups"},{"name":"data\/raw_data\/GDPpcgrowth-Jan2020- June2020.dta","note":"Global Economic Prospect, January 2020 and June 2020","access_type":"Published with package","uri":"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/publication\/global-economicprospects"},{"name":"data\/raw_data\/Enablers.dta, data\/raw_data\/Safeguards.dta","access_type":"Published with package","uri":"https:\/\/microdata.worldbank.org\/index.php\/catalog\/3866\/get-microdata","note":"Global Data Regulation Diagnostic Survey Dataset 2021"},{"note":"Human Development Index","name":"data\/raw_data\/HDR21- 22_Composite_indices_co mplete_time_series.csv","access_type":"Published with package","uri":"https:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/data-center\/documentation-and-downloads"},{"note":"Global Financial Development Database","access_type":"Published with package","name":"data\/raw_data\/GFDD_2021.xlsx","uri":"https:\/\/thedocs.worldbank.org\/en\/doc\/92631f5aa8ecaed440d9b2e0ab8810e7-0050062021\/original\/Global-Financial-Development-Database-11-1-2021.xlsx"},{"note":"The Global Findex Database 2021","name":"data\/raw_data\/Global Findex 2021.xlsx","uri":"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/publication\/globalfindex","access_type":"Published with package"},{"name":"data\/raw_data\/WDI_2022.data","access_type":"Published with package. Data is fetched in the do file and saved in data inputs folder","note":"World Development Indicators - World Bank","uri":"https:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/source\/world-development-indicators"},{"name":"data\/raw_data\/GTMI_Dec2020.xlsx","access_type":"Published with package","uri":"https:\/\/datacatalog.worldbank.org\/int\/search\/dataset\/0037889\/govtech-dataset","note":"GovTech Maturity Index"},{"name":"data\/raw_data\/brss543_yearpanel_20190 305.dta","note":"Bank Regulation and Supervision Survey","access_type":"The source is the Bank Regulation and Supervision Survey. The data is publicly available for each survey separately. The dta file with the time series is not accessible as of October\/2023.","uri":"https:\/\/www.worldbank.org\/en\/research\/brief\/BRSS"}],"methods":[{"name":"Instrumental Variables (IV) Estimation"}],"software":[{"name":"Stata","version":"17"}],"scripts":[{"file_name":"RR_WLD_2023_27-v01.rar","zip_package":"RR_WLD_2023_27-v01.rar","title":"Reproducibility package (data and code) for Digital Payments and the COVID-19 Shock: The Role of Pre-Existing Conditions in Banking, Infrastructure, Human Capabilities, and Digital Regulation","date":"2023-10","description":"The code in this folder generates the tables and figures in the paper \"Digital Payments and the COVID-19 Shock: The Role of Pre-Existing Conditions in Banking, Infrastructure, Human Capabilities, and Digital Regulation\u201d by Robert Cull, Vivien Foster, Dean Jolliffe, Daniel Lederman, David Salvatore Mare, and Malarvizhi Veerappan.","dependencies":"Stata: All dependencies are installed in the Main do file.","instructions":"See README in reproducibility package.","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DIME) Analytics team, World Bank."}],"repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"reproduction_instructions":"To run the script, new users only need to change only the directory in line 27 of the Main do file.","technology_environment":"\u2013 OS: MacOS Ventura 13.3\n\u2013 Processor: Apple M2\n\u2013 Memory available: 8GB\n\u2013 Software version: Stata version 18","technology_requirements":"~2 min runtime","disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"Modified BSD3","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/bsd-3-clause\/"}],"contacts":[{"name":"Davide Mare","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"dmare@worldbank.org"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}],"reproducibility_status":{"type":"Open access & The package contains all code and data needed to reproduce all findings in the report"}},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"}],"schematype":"script"}