{"type":"script","doc_desc":{"producers":[{"name":"Reyes Retana","abbr":"MRR","affiliation":"World Bank","role":"Junior Data Scientist"}],"prod_date":"2023-11-16","version":"1"},"project_desc":{"authoring_entity":[{"name":"Rafiuddin Najam","email":"najamr@oregonstate.edu","affiliation":"World Bank, Oregon State University"}],"output":[{"type":"Working Paper","description":"Policy Research Working Paper (PRWP) 10674","authors":"Rafiuddin Najam","title":"Closing the gap: Effect of a Gender Quota on Women\u2019s Access to Education in Afghanistan","uri":"http:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/099300101182423297\/IDU1617049971af801450e18c91117260363b929","doi":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1596\/1813-9450-10674"}],"datasets":[{"name":"Kankor Matriculation","uri":"https:\/\/sites.google.com\/view\/kankor\/results#h.36jt9xjs4qjn","note":"The raw datasets for Kankor matriculation were procured from publicly accessible sources in late 2020. These sources provided comprehensive data at the time of acquisition. However, following substantial changes in Afghanistan in August 2021, some of this information has since been retracted from the original websites and therefore cannot be shared. Moreover, the Kankor dataset was enhanced by merging it with additional data, details of which remain unpublished for privacy considerations. The README file accompanying this package provides more detail.","access_type":"Not published with package"},{"name":"Ministry of Education","uri":"https:\/\/moe.gov.af\/dr\/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84-%D9%87%D8%A7","access_type":"Not published with package","note":"This information was downloaded and manually matched by the author to the Kankor Matriculation data. The information can be found in the following link and more information about the source is available in the README file. "},{"name":"Google Earth Engine","uri":"https:\/\/code.earthengine.google.com\/2f68a272a211111e3e6d9085f6e5b775","access_type":"Published with package "}],"software":[{"name":"Stata","version":"17"}],"scripts":[{"file_name":"RR_AFG_2023_33-v01.zip","zip_package":"RR_AFG_2023_33-v01.zip","title":"Reproducibility package (data and code) for Closing the gap: Effect of a Gender Quota on Women\u2019s Access to Education in Afghanistan","date":"2023-11","description":"The code in this folder was used to generate the tables and figures in the paper \" Closing the gap: Effect of a Gender Quota on Women\u2019s Access to Education in Afghanistan\u201d by Rafiuddin Najam. ","instructions":"See README in reproducibility package.","dependencies":"Stata: All dependencies are stored in the ado folder","notes":"Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DIME) Analytics team, World Bank."}],"title_statement":{"idno":"RR_AFG_2023_33-v01","title":"Reproducibility package for Closing the gap: Effect of a Gender Quota on Women\u2019s Access to Education in Afghanistan","identifiers":[{"identifier":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.60572\/s88g-gj40","type":"DOI"}]},"reproducibility_status":{"type":"Some data is restricted and not published with the reproducibility package. "},"production_date":"2023-11","abstract":"Affirmative action is a promising solution to the crucial challenge of bridging the gap in women\u2019s access to higher education in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). I use public universities\u2019 matriculation data from 2013\u20132018 and difference-in-differences estimators to examine the causal impact of a gender quota on women\u2019s educational opportunities in Afghanistan. The quota increased the proportion of women in the treated concentration group by nine percentage points and the share of women from low socioeconomic status by three percentage points. The expansion was associated with a 0.04-unit decline in the average score ratio of female-to-male applicants, driven by a reduction in the score threshold needed for women\u2019s admission. The effects were condensed in competitive concentrations, where the overall share of women and women with low SES increased by 17 and four percentage points, respectively. The findings suggest that affirmative action is a viable option for addressing the gender gap in fragile settings.","geographic_units":[{"name":"Afghanistan","code":"AFG","type":"Country"}],"keywords":[{"name":"Affirmative action"},{"name":"gender"},{"name":"women\u2019s education"},{"name":"access"},{"name":"Afghanistan"}],"topics":[{"vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","id":"I24","parent_id":"I2","name":"Education and Inequality"},{"vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","id":"I28","parent_id":"I2","name":"Government Policy"},{"vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","id":"I23","parent_id":"I2","name":"Higher Education \u2022 Research Institutions"},{"vocabulary":"Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)","uri":"https:\/\/www.aeaweb.org\/econlit\/jelCodes.php?view=jel","id":"O15","parent_id":"O1","name":"Human Resources \u2022 Human Development \u2022 Income Distribution \u2022 Migration"}],"language":[{"name":"English","code":"EN"}],"data_statement":"This study uses data from several sources: raw datasets from the Kankor entrance exams, a comprehensive directory of school records from the Ministry of Education, and district-level nightlight data from the Google Earth Engine. Although the full dataset was used for the analysis, the Kankor data, as well as some intermediate data that combines Kankor and Ministry of Education information, are not included in the replication package due to the license restrictions and increased risk of individual identification. Instructions on how to access the Ministry of Education's data are provided in the README file and the section above. For personalized guidance or additional support with the replication efforts, interested parties can contact the author at najamr@oregonstate.edu, who may provide the full dataset on a case-by-case basis.","methods":[{"name":"Difference-in-Differences (DD)"}],"disclaimer":"The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.","license":[{"name":"Modified BSD3","uri":"https:\/\/opensource.org\/license\/bsd-3-clause\/"}],"contacts":[{"name":"Rafiuddin Najam","affiliation":"World Bank, Oregon State University","email":"najamr@oregonstate.edu"},{"name":"Reproducibility WBG","affiliation":"World Bank","email":"reproducibility@worldbank.org"}],"repository_uri":[{"name":"Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank)","uri":"https:\/\/reproducibility.worldbank.org"}],"technology_environment":"\u2022 OS: Windows 10 Enterprise, version 21H2\n\u2022 Processor: Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E7-4890 v2 @ 2.80GHz 2.80 GHz\n\u2022 Memory available: 5.9 GB\n\u2022 Software version: Stata 17","technology_requirements":"~ 3 minutes runtime","reproduction_instructions":"To execute the provided scripts, new users must update the file path specified in the 'Main do' file to correspond with their local environment.  Kankor Matriculation data, which is needed for replicating some results, is not included in the published package. Consequently, users will not be able to replicate Table 1 panels E and F and Table B1.1, but the rest of the exhibits are fully reproducible with the provided package. For assistance with the replication process, contact the author at najamr@oregonstate.edu"},"tags":[{"tag":"DOI"}],"schematype":"script"}