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Reproducibility package for Public Workforce Performance And Prosperity

2026
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Reference ID
FR_WLD_2025_527
Author(s)
Zahid Hasnain
Collections
Flagships and Reports
Metadata
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Created on
Jan 22, 2026
Last modified
Feb 02, 2026
  • Overview
  • Reproducibility Package
  • Description
  • Scope and coverage
  • Disclaimer
  • Access and rights
  • Contacts
  • Information on metadata

    • Overview

    Abstract

    In today’s rapidly evolving global context, the skills, motivation, and integrity of the world’s 400 million public sector workers—both those on the front lines serving communities and the administrators managing resources and operations—is key for effective and efficient governments. Drawing on an extensive evidence base of academic research and original data, including unique surveys and cross-national indicators compiled by the World Bank’s Bureaucracy Lab, this report proposes a framework for understanding and improving workforce performance. The analysis focuses on three key drivers: the wage bill (how governments hire and compensate staff), management practices (how workers are motivated and developed), and digital technologies (how innovation transforms the workplace).

    Reproducibility Package

    Scripts
    Get Reproducibility Package
    File name
    FR_WLD_2025_527
    Zip package
    FR_WLD_2025_527.zip
    Title
    Reproducibility package for Public Workforce Performance And Prosperity
    Date
    2026-01
    Dependencies
    R dependencies are listed in the file renv.lock. Stata dependencies are listed in the ado folder.
    Instructions
    See README in reproducibility package.
    Notes
    Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.
    Source code repository
    Repository name URI
    Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank) https://reproducibility.worldbank.org
    Software
    Name
    R
    Version
    4.5.2
    Name
    Stata
    Version
    19MP
    Name
    Excel

    Reproducibility

    Technology environment

    Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:
    • OS: Windows 11 Enterprise
    • Processor: Intel(R) Core(TM) Ultra 7 165U @ 2.60GHz
    • Memory available: 31 GB
    • Software version: Stata 19.0 MP and R 4.5.2
    Technology requirements

    ~10 minutes runtime.
    Reproduction instructions

    To reproduce the findings in this study, please follow the steps below:

    1. Obtain access to the limited-access and forthcoming datasets.
      Refer to the Datasets section of this documentation and the README file for detailed information on each dataset.
    2. Place each dataset in its designated folder.
    3. Update the main directory paths in MASTER.do and 0-main.R.
    4. For WWBI and GSPS outputs, run their respective R projects. For Stata outputs, run MASTER.do.
      All outputs are generated using the code included in the reproducibility package, allowing users to directly compare the results with those reported in the manuscript.

    Data

    Datasets
    Name
    Global Survey of Public Servants (GSPS)
    Note
    Access date: November 2025. Visualizations accessed via the Global Survey of Public Servants Data Dashboard. File name: `GSPS_Reproducability.xlsx`. Located in `Synthesis chapter/01_data/03_external_survey_datasets` and `GSPS_Indicators_Dataset_11_10_23.xlsx` located in `Synthesis chapter/01_data/01_survey_raw/input/GSPS`.
    Access policy
    Publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
    License URL
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    Data URL
    https://www.globalsurveyofpublicservants.org/data-dashboard
    Citation
    Fukuyama, F., Rogger, D., Hasnain, Z., Bersch, K., Mistree, D., Schuster, C., Mikkelsen, K. S., Kay, K., & Meyer-Sahling, J. (2021). "Global Survey of Public Servants Indicators [Dataset]". Available at https://www.globalsurveyofpublicservants.org/data-dashboard.
    Name
    Global Education Policy Dashboard (GEPD)
    Note
    Access date: May 2025. File name: `GEPD_Indicators_Reproducability.xlsx`. Located in `Synthesis chapter/01_data/03_external_survey_datasets`.
    Access policy
    Publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
    License URL
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    Data URL
    https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/dataset/global-education-policy-dashboard
    Citation
    World Bank. (2024). "Global Education Policy Dashboard [Dataset]". World Bank. Available at https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/dataset/global-education-policy-dashboard.
    Name
    Worldwide Bureaucracy Indicators (WWBI)
    Note
    Access date: November 2025. File names: `WB WWBI.xlsx`, `WB WWBI - Wage premium.xlsx`, `WB WWBI - Wage Bill as a share of GDP and Government Expenditures.xlsx`. Located in `Synthesis chapter/01_data/04_non_survey_data`.
    Access policy
    Publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
    License URL
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    Citation
    World Bank. (2024). "Worldwide Bureaucracy Indicators [Dataset]". World Bank. Available at: https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/dataset/worldwide-bureaucracy-indicators
    Name
    World Economic Outlook (WEO)
    Note
    Access date: May 2025. File names: `IMF WEO.xlsx` and `IMF WEO - General government net lending-borrowing.xlsx`. Located in `Synthesis chapter/01_data/04_non_survey_data`.
    Access policy
    Publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    License URL
    https://www.imf.org/external/terms.htm
    Citation
    International Monetary Fund. (2025). "World Economic Outlook (WEO) Database [Dataset]". International Monetary Fund. Available at https://data.imf.org/en/datasets/IMF.RES:WEO.
    Name
    International Survey on Revenue Administration (ISORA)
    Note
    Access date: May 2025. Files name: `ISORA.xlsx`, `ISORA - Salary cost as percent of operating expenditure.xlsx`, `ISORA - Registered Tax Payer and Population per FTE.xlsx`. Located in `Synthesis chapter/01_data/04_non_survey_data`.
    Access policy
    Publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    License URL
    https://data.imf.org/en/Datasets/RAFIT-Consolidated/Terms-and-Conditions
    Citation
    ADB, CIAT, IMF, IOTA and OECD. (2025). "International Survey on Revenue Administration [Dataset]". ADB, CIAT, IMF, IOTA and OECD. Available at http://ISORADATA.ORG.
    Name
    Lightcast Data
    Note
    Access date: May 2025. File name: Lightcast.xlsx. Located in `Synthesis chapter/01_data/04_non_survey_data`. These data capture the demand for climate-related or “green” skills in the public administration compared to the broader labor market.
    Access policy
    Data requires purchase or human approval and is not included in the reproducibility package.
    Citation
    Lightcast. (n.d.). "Lightcast (labor market and workforce analytics) [Dataset]". Available at https://lightcast.io/.
    Name
    Surveys of Public Sector Employees (World Bank Bureaucracy Lab)
    Note
    Access date: March 2025. These datasets are collected by the team. Folder names and raw country survey data: Pakistan, Philippines, Uruguay, Mali, Madagascar, Madagascar_education, Malaysia, Kosovo, Liberia, Ethiopia, Croatia, Estonia, Argentina, Armenia, Bosnia, Covid-19. Located in `Synthesis chapter/01_data/01_survey_raw/input`. In order to replicate the results for WWBI figures, replicators must place `Bosnia_clean.dta` created by the code, in `02_code/r scripts and data/WWBI/Data/in`.
    Access policy
    Data is forthcoming in the World Bank Microdata Library.
    Citation
    World Bank, forthcoming, "Surveys of public sector employees [Dataset]". World Bank Bureaucracy Lab.
    Name
    World Values Survey: Round Seven (2017-2022)
    Note
    Access date: May 2025. Folder name: World Value Survey. Located in `Synthesis chapter/01_data/01_survey_raw/input`.
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available but does not allow redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.
    Data URL
    https://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/wvs.jsp
    Citation
    Haerpfer, C., Inglehart, R., Moreno, A., Welzel, C., Kizilova, K., Diez-Medrano, J., Lagos, M., Norris, P., Ponarin, E., & Puranen, B. (eds.). (2022). "World Values Survey: Round Seven (2017–2022) Country-Pooled Datafile (Version 7) [Dataset]". World Values Survey Association. Available at https://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/wvs.jsp.
    Name
    World Development Indicators (WDI)
    Note
    Access date: May 2025. Indicator used: GDP per capita 2015. File name: WB WDI.xlsx. Located in `Synthesis chapter/01_data/04_non_survey_data`.
    Access policy
    Publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
    License URL
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    Data URL
    https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.KD
    Citation
    World Bank. (n.d.). "World Development Indicators [Dataset]". World Bank. Available at https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.KD.
    Data statement

    Some data requires purchase or human approval and is not included in the reproducibility package. Some data is forthcoming in the World Bank Microdata Library.

    Description

    Output
    Title
    Public Workforce Performance And Prosperity
    Authors
    This report was produced by a core World Bank team consisting of Zahid Hasnain (lead author), Faisal Baig, Juan Pablo Guerrero Amparan, Ayesha Khurshid, Dimitrie Mihes, Anita Sobjak, Flavia Sacco, Turkan Mukhtarova, Suren Tripathi, Samuel Garoni, Stuart Russell, Juan Francisco Santini, Akanksha Baidya, Jorge Miranda, Sayed Madadi, and Margherita Fornasari.
    Authors
    Author Affiliation Email
    Zahid Hasnain World Bank zhasnain@worldbank.org
    Date of production

    2026-01-22

    Scope and coverage

    Geographic locations
    Location Code
    World WLD
    Keywords
    Public Sector Hrm Wage Bill Management Practices Digital Technologies Public Servants Governance

    Disclaimer

    Disclaimer

    The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.

    Access and rights

    License
    Name URI
    Modified BSD3 https://opensource.org/license/bsd-3-clause/

    Contacts

    Contacts
    Name Affiliation Email
    Zahid Hasnain World Bank zhasnain@worldbank.org
    Reproducibility WBG World Bank reproducibility@worldbank.org

    Information on metadata

    Producers
    Name Abbreviation Affiliation Role
    Reproducibility WBG DECDI World Bank - Development Impact Department Verification and preparation of metadata
    Date of Production

    2026-01-22
    Document version

    1
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