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Reproducibility package for Is Place-Based Green Industrial Policy Effective? Evidence From The Inflation Reduction Act

2026
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Reference ID
RR_USA_2025_518
Author(s)
Bob Rijkers, Joep Keuzenkamp, Jacopo Mazza, Katherine Stapleton
Collections
World Bank Policy Research Working Papers
Metadata
JSON
Created on
Feb 02, 2026
Last modified
Feb 02, 2026
  • Overview
  • Reproducibility Package
  • Description
  • Scope and coverage
  • Disclaimer
  • Access and rights
  • Contacts
  • Information on metadata

    • Overview

    Abstract

    Is place-based green industrial policy effective? We examine the Inflation Reduction Act’s Energy Community provisions, which provide spatially targeted incentives for renewable energy investment. Using a difference-in-differences design with investment and job vacancy data, we find that the probability of solar investment rises 0.14 percentage points in targeted areas, equivalent to a 144% increase relative to its counterfactual level. Wind investment shows no response. Solar employment gains are modest and wind employment is unaffected. These findings suggest place-based incentives can stimulate green investment in designated locations, but may be less effective at generating local
    jobs.

    Reproducibility Package

    Scripts
    Get Reproducibility Package
    File name
    RR_USA_2025_518
    Zip package
    RR_USA_2025_518.zip
    Title
    Reproducibility package for Is Place-Based Green Industrial Policy Effective? Evidence From The Inflation Reduction Act
    Date
    2026-01
    Dependencies
    R dependencies are listed in the file renv.lock. Stata dependencies are listed in the ado folder.
    Instructions
    See README in reproducibility package.
    Notes
    Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.
    Source code repository
    Repository name URI
    Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank) https://reproducibility.worldbank.org
    Software
    Name
    R
    Version
    4.5.2
    Name
    Stata
    Version
    18MP

    Reproducibility

    Technology environment

    Paper exhibits were reproduced in one computer with the following specifications:
    OS: Windows 11 Enterprise
    Processor: Intel(R) Core(TM) Ultra 7 165U
    Memory available: 31 GB
    Technology requirements

    ~9 hours runtime.
    Reproduction instructions

    To reproduce the findings in this study, please follow the steps below:

    1. Acquire the limited-access data and place it in its respective folder.
    2. Update the main directory and the Stata path in line 317 in the main.R file to your local setup.
    3. Run the file.

    Data

    Datasets
    Name
    IRA Energy Community Data Layers
    Note
    Access date: October 2025. Data folders: `Coal_Closures_EnergyComm_v2024_1`, `ira_coal_closure_energy_comm_2023v2`, `MSA_NMSA_EC_FFE_v2024_1`, `ira_data_msanmsa_ffe_ec_2023v2` and `MSA_NMSA_EC_FFE_Status_v2023_3`.
    Access policy
    Publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
    License URL
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    Data URL
    https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/ira-energy-community-data-layers
    Citation
    U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). (n.d.). National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), Interagency Working Group on Coal & Power Plant Communities & Economic Revitalization (IWG), U.S. Department of the Treasury, "IRA Energy Community Data Layers [Dataset]." Available at https://edx.netl.doe.gov/dataset/ira-energy-community-data-layers.
    Name
    TIGER/Line Geodatabase: National Sub-State Geography Geodatabase
    Note
    Access date: October 2025. Data folder: `tlgdb_2020_a_us_substategeo.gdb`.
    Access policy
    Publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    Data URL
    https://www.census.gov/geographies/mapping-files/time-series/geo/tiger-geodatabase-file.2020.html
    Citation
    U.S. Census Bureau. (2020). "TIGER/Line Geodatabase: National Sub-State Geography Geodatabase [Dataset]". U.S. Census Bureau Geography Division. Available at https://www.census.gov/geographies/mapping-files/time-series/geo/tiger-geodatabase-file.2020.html.
    Name
    Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory
    Note
    Access date: October 2025 All datasets downloaded and stored in the `eia_monthly_data` folder.
    Access policy
    Publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    Data URL
    https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/eia860M/
    Citation
    U.S. Energy Information Administration. (n.d.). "Preliminary Monthly Electric Generator Inventory (based on Form EIA-860M as a supplement to Form EIA-860)[Dataset]". U.S. Department of Energy. Available at https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/eia860M/.
    Name
    Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW)
    Note
    Access date: October 2025. All datasets downloaded are under "Country High-Level" in the webpage and stored in the `quarterly employment data` folder.
    Access policy
    Publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    Citation
    U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (n.d.). "Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW) [Dataset]". U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Available at https://www.bls.gov/cew/downloadable-data-files.htm.
    Name
    BEA Regional Data: GDP and Personal Income
    Note
    Access date: November 2023. Variable used is "Time Period 2017-2022". Data file: `CAGDP9__ALL_AREAS_2017_2022.csv`.
    Access policy
    Publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    Data URL
    https://apps.bea.gov/itable/?ReqID=70&step=1&_gl=1*tsynxv*_ga*OTgzMDA3NDk2LjE3MTE2MzE0MDA.*_ga_J4698JNNFT*MTcyNDE2MDQ5MS4xNC4xLjE3MjQxNjA1MDcuNDQuMC4w#eyJhcHBpZCI6NzAsInN0ZXBzIjpbMSwyOSwyNSwzMSwyNiwyN10sImRhdGEiOltbIlRhYmxlSWQiLCI1MDMiXSxbIk1ham9yX0FyZWEiLCI0Il0sWyJTdGF0ZSIsWyJYWCJdXSxbIkFyZWEiLFsiWFgiXV0sWyJTdGF0aXN0aWMiLFsiLTEiXV0sWyJVbml0X29mX21lYXN1cmUiLCJMZXZlbHMiXV19
    Citation
    U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. (n.d.). "Regional data: GDP and personal income (CAGDP9), 2017–2022 [Dataset]". U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. Available at https://apps.bea.gov/itable/?ReqID=70&step=1&_gl=1*tsynxv*_ga*OTgzMDA3NDk2LjE3MTE2MzE0MDA.*_ga_J4698JNNFT.
    Name
    U.S. Presidential Elections
    Note
    Access date: October 2025. Data file: `countypres_2000-2024.tab`.
    Access policy
    Publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Creative Commons Attribution 1.0
    License URL
    http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0
    Data URL
    https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/VOQCHQ
    Citation
    MIT Election Data and Science Lab. (2018). "County Presidential Election Returns 2000-2024 [Dataset]". Harvard Dataverse. Available at https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/VOQCHQ.
    Name
    USDA Country Level Datasets
    Note
    Access date: October 2025. Files: Educational attainment for adults age 25 and older for the United States, States, and counties, 1970–2023 (`Education2023.csv`). Poverty estimates for the United States, States, and counties, 2023 (`Poverty2023.csv`). Unemployment and median household income for the United States, States, and counties, 2000–23 (`Unemployment2023.csv`).
    Access policy
    Publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Creative Commons CC0
    License URL
    http://www.opendefinition.org/licenses/cc-zero
    Data URL
    https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/county-level-data-sets/county-level-data-sets-download-data
    Citation
    U.S. Department of Agriculture (n.d.). "Country Level Datasets [Dataset]". Economic Research Service. Available at https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/county-level-data-sets/county-level-data-sets-download-data.
    Name
    Yale Climate Opinion Maps 2024 (US)
    Note
    Access date: October 2025. Data file: `YCOM_2024_publicdata.csv`
    Access policy
    Publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    Data URL
    https://climatecommunication.yale.edu/visualizations-data/ycom-us/
    Citation
    Yale Program on Climate Change Communication. (2025). "Yale Climate Opinion Maps 2024 (US) [Dataset]". Yale Program on Climate Change Communication. Available at https://climatecommunication.yale.edu/visualizations-data/ycom-us/.
    Name
    AIDDATA GeoBoundaries
    Note
    Access date: August 2024. Data file 1: `66600e58b2ec97558133d632_results` (RESULTS CSV). Access date: October 2025. Data file 2:`usa_adm2_geoquery_fips`. Access date: August 2024. The data-distributor for this dataset uses unintelligible IDs for geographical regions (in this case U.S. counties). To connect those datasets authors asked via the contact email ("info@aiddata.org" ) for a file that translates the county ID from GeoQuery to the FIPS code. There is not a formal or documented process on their website via which this can be done.
    Access policy
    Publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    Data URL
    https://geo.aiddata.org/#!/status/66600e58b2ec97558133d632
    Citation
    Goodman, S., BenYishay, A., Lv, Z., & Runfola, D. (2019). "GeoQuery: Integrating HPC systems and public web-based geospatial data tools". Computers & geosciences, 122, 103-112. Available a https://www.aiddata.org/geoquery.
    Name
    Clean Investment Monitor
    Note
    Access date: October 2025 File name: `CIM`. Users need to create an account on the Climate Deck page to be able to download the datasets.
    Access policy
    Publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
    License URL
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    Data URL
    https://climatedeck.rhg.com/
    Citation
    Rhodium Group-MIT/CEEPR. (n.d.). "Clean Investment Monitor [Dataset]". Available at https://climatedeck.rhg.com/.
    Name
    2020 Decennial Census (United States Census Bureau)
    Note
    Access date: October 2025. File name: `DECENNIALDP2020.DP1_2024-04-08T040530`.
    Access policy
    Publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    Data URL
    https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALDP2020.DP1?g=160XX00US0473420
    Citation
    U.S. Census Bureau. (n.d.). "DP1: Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics (2020 Decennial Census) [Dataset]". U.S. Department of Commerce. Available at https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALDP2020.DP1?g=160XX00US0473420.
    Name
    Census Open Data Educational Attainment (2018-2022) (United States Census Bureau)
    Note
    Access date: November 2025. File name: `Educational Attainment 2018-2022_538028214885328561.xlsx`.
    Access policy
    Publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    Data URL
    https://covid19-uscensus.hub.arcgis.com/datasets/USCensus::educational-attainment-2018-2022-counties/explore?layer=2
    Citation
    U.S. Census Bureau. (n.d.). "Educational Attainment 2018–2022 — 5-year American Community Survey county estimates [Dataset]". Census COVID-19 Data Hub (ArcGIS Hub). Available at https://covid19-uscensus.hub.arcgis.com/datasets/USCensus::educational-attainment-2018-2022-counties/explore?layer=2.
    Name
    Lightcast Data
    Note
    Access date: July 2025. Datasets: calculate_labor_market_tightness.csv, Create_Grey_Dataset_2015_16.csv, Create_Grey_Dataset_2017_18.csv, Create_Grey_Dataset_2019_20.csv, Create_Grey_Dataset_2021_22.csv, Create_Grey_Dataset_2023_24.csv, Create_Solar_Dataset_2015_16.csv, Create_Solar_Dataset_2017_18.csv, Create_Solar_Dataset_2019_20.csv, Create_Solar_Dataset_2021_22.csv, Create_Solar_Dataset_2023_24.csv, Create_Y02E10_Dataset_2015_16.csv, Create_Y02E10_Dataset_2017_18.csv, Create_Y02E10_Dataset_2019_20.csv, Create_Y02E10_Dataset_2021_22.csv, Create_Y02E10_Dataset_2023_24.csv, Create_Total_Dataset.csv, Create_Wind_Dataset_2015_16.csv, Create_Wind_Dataset_2017_18.csv, Create_Wind_Dataset_2019_20.csv, Create_Wind_Dataset_2021_22.csv, Create_Wind_Dataset_2023_24.csv. Datasets must be placed in the folder named "lightcast data".
    Access policy
    Data requires purchase or human approval and is not included in the reproducibility package.
    Data URL
    https://lightcast.io/
    Citation
    Lightcast. (n.d.). "Lightcast (labor market and workforce analytics) [Dataset]". Available at https://lightcast.io/.
    Data statement

    Some data requires purchase or human approval and is not included in the reproducibility package. For more details, please refer to the README file.

    Description

    Output
    Type
    Working Paper
    Title
    Is Place-Based Green Industrial Policy Effective? Evidence From The Inflation Reduction Act
    Description
    Policy Research Working Papers (PRWP)
    Authors
    Author Affiliation Email
    Bob Rijkers World Bank brijkers@worldbank.org
    Joep Keuzenkamp Utrecht University j.w.h.keuzenkamp@uu.nl
    Jacopo Mazza Utrecht University j.mazza@uu.nl
    Katherine Stapleton World Bank kstapleton@worldbank.org
    Date of production

    2026-01-08

    Scope and coverage

    Geographic locations
    Location Code
    United States of America USA
    Keywords
    Place-Based Industrial Policy Inflation Reduction Act Renewable Energy Investment Regional Economic Development Labor Market Impacts
    Topics
    ID Topic Parent topic ID Vocabulary Vocabulary URI
    H81 Governmental Loans • Loan Guarantees • Credits • Grants • Bailouts H8 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)
    J23 Labor Demand J2 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)
    Q42 Alternative Energy Sources Q4 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)
    Q48 Government Policy Q4 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)
    R11 Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, Environmental Issues, and Changes R1 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)

    Disclaimer

    Disclaimer

    The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.

    Access and rights

    License
    Name URI
    Modified BSD3 https://opensource.org/license/bsd-3-clause/

    Contacts

    Contacts
    Name Affiliation Email
    Bob Rijkers World Bank brijkers@worldbank.org
    Reproducibility WBG World Bank reproducibility@worldbank.org

    Information on metadata

    Producers
    Name Abbreviation Affiliation Role
    Reproducibility WBG DECDI World Bank - Development Impact Department Verification and preparation of metadata
    Date of Production

    2026-01-08
    Document version

    1
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