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PRWP

Reproducibility package for Survey-To-Survey Poverty Monitoring Under Economic Shocks: The Role Of Proxies And Model Flexibility

2026
Get Reproducibility Package
Reference ID
RR_WLD_2026_598
DOI
https://doi.org/10.60572/sj3b-ys05
Author(s)
Nobuo Yoshida, Yusaku Kawashima, Shinya Takamatsu
Collections
World Bank Policy Research Working Papers
Metadata
JSON
Created on
Apr 07, 2026
Last modified
Apr 22, 2026
  • Overview
  • Reproducibility Package
  • Description
  • Scope and coverage
  • Disclaimer
  • Access and rights
  • Contacts
  • Information on metadata
  • Citation

    • Overview

    Abstract

    Survey-to-survey (S2S) imputation is widely used to produce timely poverty estimates when full consumption surveys are unavailable, yet concerns persist about its reliability during economic shocks and high-frequency monitoring. This paper develops aformal identification framework for the transportability of S2S estimators across periods. We show that neither linear models nor flexible nonlinear learners yield reliable poverty estimates when shock-responsive variables are omitted. When such variables are included, however, model-based estimates can remain reliable under well-defined conditions. Monte Carlo simulations and evidence from Afghanistan, Uganda, and Rwanda support these predictions.

    Reproducibility Package

    Scripts
    Get Reproducibility Package
    File name
    RR_WLD_2026_598
    Zip package
    RR_WLD_2026_598.zip
    Title
    Reproducibility package for Survey-To-Survey Poverty Monitoring Under Economic Shocks: The Role Of Proxies And Model Flexibility
    Date
    2026-04
    Dependencies
    R dependencies are listed in the file renv.lock. Stata dependencies are listed in the ado folder. Python dependencies are in the requirements.txt file.
    Instructions
    See README in reproducibility package.
    Notes
    Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.
    Source code repository
    Repository name URI
    Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank) https://reproducibility.worldbank.org
    Software
    Name
    R
    Version
    4.5.1
    Name
    Python
    Version
    3.10
    Name
    Stata
    Version
    19 MP

    Reproducibility

    Technology environment

    Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:
    • OS: Windows 11 Enterprise
    • Processor: INTEL(R) XEON(R) PLATINUM 8562Y+ 2.80 GHz (4 processors)
    • Memory available: 64.0 GB
    Technology requirements

    Runtime: 5 hours
    Reproduction instructions

    To reproduce the findings in this paper, a replicator must:

    1. Secure access to data: Restricted data are not included in the package. See the Datasets subsection for more details.
    2. Download and place data: Once access is obtained, users should place the data in the appropriate folder.
    3. Run the package: Edit config.do and config.py, then run the scripts in order:
      • Table1_simulation_mi.do
      • Table2_simulation_mi.do
      • simulation_table_3_new.R
      • Generate_Table4.do
      • Generate_Annex8.do

    Because access to the restricted data will not be possible for most users, this package includes all code and outputs used in the analysis for transparency. These files can be used to validate the results presented in the paper.

    Data

    Datasets
    Name
    National Risk and Vulnerability Survey 2011-2012 (Afghanistan)
    Note
    Source: International Household Survey Network (IHSN)
    Access policy
    Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.
    Data URL
    https://catalog.ihsn.org/index.php/catalog/5230
    Citation
    International Household Survey Network (IHSN) (2012) National Risk and Vulnerability Survey 2011-2012 (Afghanistan) [dataset] [Restricted].
    Name
    Living Conditions Surveys 2016-17 (Afghanistan)
    Note
    Source: International Labour Organization (ILO) Users must contact stakamatsu@worldbank.org to request access.
    Access policy
    Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.
    Data URL
    https://catalog.ihsn.org/index.php/catalog/8014
    Citation
    International Labour Organization (ILO) Living Conditions Surveys 2016-17 (Afghanistan) [dataset]. [Restricted]
    Name
    Rwanda - Integrated Household Living Conditions Survey 2010-2011
    Note
    Source: National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (NISR)
    Access policy
    Data access requires human approval and is not included in the reproducibility package.
    License URL
    https://statistics.gov.rw/terms-use
    Data URL
    https://microdata.statistics.gov.rw/index.php/catalog/36
    Citation
    National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (NISR) (2010) Rwanda - Integrated Household Living Conditions Survey 2010-2011 [dataset]. [Restricted]
    Name
    Uganda National Household Survey 2019/2020
    Note
    Source: Uganda Bureau of Statistics
    Access policy
    Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.
    License URL
    https://www.ubos.org/about-us/guidelines-on-usage-and-reproduction-of-data/
    Data URL
    https://www.ubos.org/datasets-2/
    Citation
    Uganda Bureau of Statistics (2020) Uganda National Household Survey [dataset]. [Restricted]
    Name
    Rwanda - Integrated Household Living Conditions Survey 2005-2006
    Note
    Source: National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (NISR)
    Access policy
    Data access requires human approval and is not included in the reproducibility package.
    License URL
    https://statistics.gov.rw/terms-use
    Data URL
    https://microdata.statistics.gov.rw/index.php/catalog/39
    Citation
    National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (NISR) Rwanda - Integrated Household Living Conditions Survey 2005-2006 [dataset]. [Restricted]
    Data statement

    All data is restricted and has not been included in the reproducibility package. For more details, please refer to the README file.

    Description

    Output
    Type
    Working Paper
    Title
    Survey-To-Survey Poverty Monitoring Under Economic Shocks: The Role Of Proxies And Model Flexibility
    Description
    Policy Research Working Papers (PRWP)
    Authors
    Author Affiliation Email
    Nobuo Yoshida World Bank nyoshida@worldbank.org
    Yusaku Kawashima World Bank ykawashima@worldbankgroup.org
    Shinya Takamatsu World Bank stakamatsu@worldbank.org
    Date of production

    2026-04-07

    Scope and coverage

    Geographic locations
    Location Code
    World WLD
    Keywords
    Survey-To-Survey Imputation Poverty Monitoring Economic Shocks Proxy Variables Machine Learning Nonlinear Models
    Topics
    ID Topic Parent topic ID Vocabulary Vocabulary URI
    I32 Measurement and Analysis of Poverty I3 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)
    C83 Survey Methods • Sampling Methods C8 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)
    C53 Forecasting and Prediction Methods • Simulation Methods C5 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)
    O15 Human Resources • Human Development • Income Distribution • Migration O1 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)

    Disclaimer

    Disclaimer

    The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.

    Access and rights

    License
    Name URI
    Modified BSD3 https://opensource.org/license/bsd-3-clause/

    Contacts

    Contacts
    Name Affiliation Email
    Nobuo Yoshida World Bank nyoshida@worldbank.org
    Reproducibility WBG World Bank reproducibility@worldbank.org

    Information on metadata

    Producers
    Name Abbreviation Affiliation Role
    Reproducibility WBG DECDI World Bank - Development Impact Department Verification and preparation of metadata
    Date of Production

    2026-04-07
    Document version

    1

    Citation

    Citation
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