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Reproducibility package for Occupational Mobility And Green Transition: A Stylized Estimation Of Skill Investment Needs In South Asia

2026
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Reference ID
RR_WLD_2026_623
DOI
https://doi.org/10.60572/g2cf-cf89
Author(s)
Monica Yanez-Pagans, Andrés Ham, Emmanuel Vazquez, Camilla Knudsen, Saher Asad
Metadata
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Created on
Apr 27, 2026
Last modified
May 11, 2026
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  • Overview
  • Reproducibility Package
  • Description
  • Scope and coverage
  • Disclaimer
  • Access and rights
  • Contacts
  • Information on metadata
  • Citation

    • Overview

    Abstract

    This paper estimates the share of green employment in seven South Asian countries using an O*NET-based definition and finds that, on average, 24 percent of jobs in the region are currently green. We then assess the potential for non-green workers to transition into green occupations. Among all non-green workers, 57 percent could transition to green jobs with limited reskilling, 16 percent with moderate upskilling, and 27 percent with full skills reconversion. These results suggest three policy priorities—promoting on-the-job training, strengthening firm-based and public–private training systems, and adopting a dual strategy that invests in reskilling and upskilling today’s workforce while simultaneously advancing forward-looking education reforms that equip future cohorts for new and emerging green occupations.

    Reproducibility Package

    Scripts
    Get Reproducibility Package
    File name
    RR_WLD_2026_623
    Zip package
    RR_WLD_2026_623.zip
    Title
    Reproducibility package for Occupational Mobility And Green Transition: A Stylized Estimation Of Skill Investment Needs In South Asia
    Date
    2026-04
    Dependencies
    Stata dependencies are listed in the ado folder.
    Instructions
    See README in reproducibility package.
    Notes
    Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.
    Source code repository
    Repository name URI
    Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank) https://reproducibility.worldbank.org
    Software
    Name
    Stata
    Version
    19.0 MP

    Reproducibility

    Technology environment

    Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:
    • OS: Windows 11 Enterprise
    • Processor: Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 6226R CPU @ 2.90GHz (2.90 GHz) (2 processors)
    • Memory available: 16 GB
    Technology requirements

    Runtime: 3 minutes
    Reproduction instructions

    To reproduce the exhibits in the paper, the user should do the following:

    1. Secure Access to Data: Access the datasets not included in the package. See the Datasets section for more details.
    2. Update the working directory of the 0_master do file and run the code.

    As some data is restricted, the reproducibility package includes the outputs produced by the replicators. Interested users can verify this against the published paper.

    Data

    Datasets
    Name
    ISCO-08 / 2010 SOC Crosswalk
    Note
    The ISCO-08 / 2010 SOC - Crosswalk between the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-08) and the 2010 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) produced by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Accessed: 05/26/21. File location: Replication Package/Data/bls/isco_soc_crosswalk_stata.xlsx
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    U.S. Public Domain
    License URL
    https://www.bls.gov/opub/copyright-information.htm
    Data URL
    https://www.bls.gov/soc/isco_soc_crosswalk.xls
    Citation
    U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. "ISCO-08 / 2010 SOC Crosswalk" [dataset]. https://www.bls.gov/soc/isco_soc_crosswalk.xls. Accessed May 2021
    Name
    Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) 2018
    Note
    Data accessed on 06/04/21. The 2018 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics database at the national level is produced by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. File location: Replication Package/Data/bls/occupational employment and wage statistics/national_M2018_dl.xlsx
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    U.S. Public Domain
    License URL
    https://www.bls.gov/opub/copyright-information.htm
    Data URL
    https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm18nat.zip
    Citation
    U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2018. "Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics - National Level" [dataset]. https://www.bls.gov/oes/special-requests/oesm18nat.zip. Accessed June 2021.
    Name
    European Skills, Competences, Qualifications and Occupations (ESCO) - Green Skills Collection
    Note
    Data accessed on 05/27/2024. A dataset with green skills from ESCO (European Skills, Competences, Qualifications and Occupations) version 1.2.0. ESCO is the European multilingual classification of Skills, Competences and Occupations. File location: Replication Package/Data/esco/greenSkillsCollection_en.csv
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)
    License URL
    https://commission.europa.eu/legal-notice_en#copyright-notice
    Data URL
    https://esco.ec.europa.eu/en/use-esco/download
    Citation
    European Commission. 2024. "ESCO Green Skills Collection, version 1.2.0" [dataset]. https://esco.ec.europa.eu/en/use-esco/download. Accessed May 2024.
    Name
    European Skills, Competences, Qualifications and Occupations (ESCO) - Occupation-Skill Relations
    Note
    Data accessed on 05/27/2024. A dataset linking skills to occupations from ESCO (European Skills, Competences, Qualifications and Occupations) Version 1.2.0. ESCO is the European multilingual classification of Skills, Competences and Occupations. File location: Replication Package/Data/esco/occupationSkillRelations_en.csv
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)
    License URL
    https://commission.europa.eu/legal-notice_en#copyright-notice
    Data URL
    https://esco.ec.europa.eu/en/use-esco/download
    Citation
    European Commission. 2024. "ESCO Occupation-Skill Relations, version 1.2.0" [dataset]. https://esco.ec.europa.eu/en/use-esco/download. Accessed May 2024.
    Name
    European Skills, Competences, Qualifications and Occupations (ESCO) - Occupations
    Note
    Data accessed on 05/27/2024. A dataset linking ESCO occupations to ISCO-08 from ESCO version 1.2.0. File location: Replication Package/Data/esco/occupations_en.csv
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)
    License URL
    https://commission.europa.eu/legal-notice_en#copyright-notice
    Data URL
    https://esco.ec.europa.eu/en/use-esco/download
    Citation
    European Commission. 2024. "ESCO Occupations, version 1.2.0" [dataset]. https://esco.ec.europa.eu/en/use-esco/download. Accessed May 2024.
    Name
    Green Task Intensity by ISCO-08 Occupation
    Note
    Dataset shared by email by Josefina Posadas on 10/19/2022. A dataset with the Green Task Intensity for each ISCO-08 code at the 4-digit level, from the toolkit in Granata and Posadas (2024), "Why Look at Tasks When Designing Skills Policy for the Green Transition? A Methodological Note on How to Identify Green Occupations and the Skills They Require". File location: Replication Package/Data/granata and posadas/Green occupations.xlsx
    Access policy
    Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.
    Data URL
    https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/099507304172419760
    Citation
    Granata, J. and Posadas, J. 2024. "Why Look at Tasks When Designing Skills Policy for the Green Transition? A Methodological Note on How to Identify Green Occupations and the Skills They Require" [dataset]. World Bank. https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/099507304172419760. Accessed ****
    Name
    Bangladesh – Quarterly Labour Force Survey 2022
    Note
    Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS), accessed via the Global Labor Database (GLD). File location: Replication Package/Data/sar household surveys/BGD_2022_QLFS_V01_M_V01_A_GLD_ALL.dta World Bank staff can request access to data by visiting the link: https://worldbank.github.io/gld/Support/A%20%20Guides%20and%20Documentation/GLD%20Manual%20Files/GLD%20content%2C%20storage%2C%20and%20access.html#data-storage-platforms-and-access-rules.
    Access policy
    Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Custom License
    Citation
    Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS). Labor Force Survey (BGD-LFS), Bangladesh 2022 [dataset]. Harmonized version accessed through the Global Labor Database (GLD).
    Name
    Bhutan – Labour Force Survey 2022
    Note
    Data shared by the government with the World Bank Group. File location: Replication Package/Data/sar household surveys/LFS2022_PUF.dta
    Access policy
    Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Custom License
    Citation
    Royal Government of Bhutan. 2022. "Bhutan Labour Force Survey 2022" [dataset]. Unpublished data. Accessed May 15, 2024.
    Name
    India – Periodic Labour Force Survey 2022/23
    Note
    Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, accessed via the Global Labor Database (GLD), World Bank. File location: Replication Package/Data/sar household surveys/IND_2022_PLFS_V01_M_V02_A_GLD_ALL.dta. World Bank staff can request access to data by visiting the link: https://worldbank.github.io/gld/Support/A%20%20Guides%20and%20Documentation/GLD%20Manual%20Files/GLD%20content%2C%20storage%2C%20and%20access.html#data-storage-platforms-and-access-rules.
    Access policy
    Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Custom License
    Data URL
    https://microdata.gov.in/NADA/index.php/catalog/210
    Citation
    World Bank. 2022. "India – Periodic Labour Force Survey 2022/23", Harmonized version accessed through the Global Labor Database (GLD). Accessed November 7, 2024.
    Name
    Maldives – Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2019
    Note
    Shared by the Maldives Bureau of Statistics with the World Bank Group. File location: Replication Package/Data/sar household surveys/hies_2019.dta
    Access policy
    Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Custom License
    Citation
    Government of Maldives (Maldives Bureau of Statistics). 2019. "Maldives Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2019" [dataset] . Unpublished. Accessed October 2, 2023.
    Name
    Nepal – Living Standards Survey 2022/23
    Note
    Shared by the government (Nepal National Statistics office) with the World Bank Group. File location: Replication Package/Data/sar household surveys/NLSS23_raw.dta
    Access policy
    Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Custom License
    Citation
    Government of Nepal. 2023. "Nepal Living Standards Survey 2022/23" [dataset]. Unpublished. Accessed July 25, 2024.
    Name
    Pakistan – Labour Force Survey 2020/21
    Note
    Harmonized microdata from the Global Labor Database (GLD), World Bank. File location: Replication Package/Data/sar household surveys/PAK_2020_LFS_V01_M_V04_A_GLD_ALL.dta. World Bank staff can request access to the data by visiting the link: https://worldbank.github.io/gld/Support/A%20%20Guides%20and%20Documentation/GLD%20Manual%20Files/GLD%20content%2C%20storage%2C%20and%20access.html#data-storage-platforms-and-access-rules.
    Access policy
    Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Custom License
    Citation
    World Bank. 2020. "Pakistan – Labour Force Survey 2020/21", Harmonized version accessed through the Global Labor Database (GLD).
    Name
    Sri Lanka – Labour Force Survey 2021
    Note
    Department of Census and Statistics (DCS), Harmonized microdata from the Global Labor Database (GLD), World Bank. File location: Replication Package/Data/Raw/LKA_2021_LFS_V01_M_V03_A_GLD_ALL.dta. World Bank staff can request access to the data by visiting the link: https://worldbank.github.io/gld/Support/A%20%20Guides%20and%20Documentation/GLD%20Manual%20Files/GLD%20content%2C%20storage%2C%20and%20access.html#data-storage-platforms-and-access-rules.
    Access policy
    Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners/managers. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Custom License
    License URL
    https://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog
    Data URL
    https://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog
    Citation
    World Bank. 2021. "Sri Lanka – Labour Force Survey 2021", Harmonized version accessed through the Global Labor Database (GLD).
    Name
    ISCO-08 to ISCO-88 Correspondence Table
    Note
    Accessed on 12/07/2022. The ISCO-08 to ISCO-88 correspondence table produced by the International Labour Organization (ILO). File location: Replication Package/Data/isco correspondence/corrtab08-88.xls
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    ILO Open Licence
    License URL
    https://www.ilo.org/global/copyright/lang--en/index.htm
    Data URL
    https://ilostat.ilo.org/methods/concepts-and-definitions/classification-occupation/
    Citation
    International Labour Organization (ILO). "ISCO-08 to ISCO-88 Correspondence Table" [dataset]. https://ilostat.ilo.org/methods/concepts-and-definitions/classification-occupation/.Accessed December 2022.
    Name
    ISCO Classification and Skill Levels
    Note
    Data accessed on 04/24/23. The "Excel file with ISCO-08, -88, -68, -58 and skill levels" produced by ILOSTAT. File location: Replication Package/Data/isco correspondence/ISCO.xlsx
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    ILO Open Licence
    License URL
    https://www.ilo.org/global/copyright/lang--en/index.htm
    Data URL
    https://ilostat.ilo.org/methods/concepts-and-definitions/classification-occupation/
    Citation
    ILOSTAT. "ISCO-08, -88, -68, -58 and Skill Levels" [dataset]. https://ilostat.ilo.org/methods/concepts-and-definitions/classification-occupation/. Accessed April 2023.
    Name
    O*NET Green Occupations
    Note
    Data accessed on 05/18/21 from the O*NET Resource Center. A list of all green occupations with their corresponding categories, O*NET-SOC code and title. File location: Replication Package/Data/o-net/Green Occupations.xlsx
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)
    License URL
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    Data URL
    https://www.onetcenter.org/dl_files/database/db_22_0_excel/Green%20Occupations.xlsx
    Citation
    National Center for O*NET Development. "O*NET Green Occupations" [dataset]. https://www.onetcenter.org/dl_files/database/db_22_0_excel/Green%20Occupations.xlsx. Accessed May 2021.
    Name
    O*NET Related Occupations Matrix
    Note
    The O*NET matrix of related occupations with career changers and career starters used to define green rival upskilling and reskilling occupations. Retrieved on 06/11/21 from the O*NET Resource Center. File location: Replication Package/Data/o-net/Related Occupations Matrix.xlsx
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)
    License URL
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    Data URL
    https://www.onetcenter.org/dl_files/database/db_28_2_excel/Related%20Occupations.xlsx
    Citation
    National Center for O*NET Development. "O*NET Related Occupations Matrix" [dataset]. https://www.onetcenter.org/dl_files/database/db_28_2_excel/Related%20Occupations.xlsx. Accessed June 2021.
    Name
    O*NET 2010 SOC Occupations
    Note
    A list of all O*NET-SOC 2010 codes, titles, and descriptions. Retrieved on 06/03/21 from the O*NET Resource Center. File location: Replication Package/Data/o-net/2010_Occupations.xlsx
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)
    License URL
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    Data URL
    https://www.onetcenter.org/dl_files/database/db_28_2_excel/Occupation%20Data.xlsx
    Citation
    National Center for O*NET Development. "O*NET-SOC 2010 Occupation Data" [dataset]. https://www.onetcenter.org/dl_files/database/db_28_2_excel/Occupation%20Data.xlsx. Accessed June 2021.
    Name
    Qualifications Database - 2024
    Note
    Data accessed on 02/01/2025. India Skill Council for Green Jobs, A list of green job qualifications and associated occupations based on ISCO-08 from Skill Council for Green Jobs (2024), “Green Jobs Handbook”, as well as qualification packs and qualification files and model curricula from the National Qualifications Register (NQR). File location: Replication Package/Data/skill council for green jobs/Qualifications database - update 2024.xlsx
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    Data URL
    https://sscgj.in/ https://www.nqr.gov.in/
    Citation
    Skill Council for Green Jobs (SCGJ). (2024). Green Jobs Handbook and Qualification Packs [Dataset]. Available from the Skill Council for Green Jobs: https://sscgj.in/ and the National Qualifications Register: https://www.nqr.gov.in/. Accessed February 1, 2025.
    Data statement

    Some data is restricted and has not been included in the reproducibility package. For more details, refer to the README file.

    Description

    Output
    Type
    Working Paper
    Title
    Occupational Mobility And Green Transition: A Stylized Estimation Of Skill Investment Needs In South Asia
    Description
    Policy Research Working Papers (PRWP) 11373
    URL
    https://hdl.handle.net/10986/44803
    DOI
    https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-11373
    Authors
    Author Affiliation Email
    Monica Yanez-Pagans World Bank myanezpagans@worldbank.org
    Andrés Ham Universidad de los Andes a.ham@uniandes.edu.co
    Emmanuel Vazquez Universidad Nacional de La Plata evazquez@cedlas.org
    Camilla Knudsen World Bank cknudsen@worldbank.org
    Saher Asad World Bank sasad1@worldbank.org
    Date of production

    2026-04-21

    Scope and coverage

    Geographic locations
    Location Code
    World WLD
    Keywords
    Climate Change Labor Markets Green Transitions Green Skills Green Jobs Occupational Mobility Skills Development Needs
    Topics
    ID Topic Parent topic ID Vocabulary Vocabulary URI
    J21 Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure J2 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)
    J24 Human Capital • Skills • Occupational Choice • Labor Productivity J2 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)
    J62 Job, Occupational, and Intergenerational Mobility J6 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)
    O57 Comparative Studies of Countries O5 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)
    Q01 Sustainable Development Q0 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)
    Q58 Government Policy Q5 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)

    Disclaimer

    Disclaimer

    The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.

    Access and rights

    License
    Name URI
    Modified BSD3 https://opensource.org/license/bsd-3-clause/

    Contacts

    Contacts
    Name Affiliation Email
    Monica Yanez-Pagans World Bank myanezpagans@worldbank.org
    Reproducibility WBG World Bank reproducibility@worldbank.org

    Information on metadata

    Producers
    Name Abbreviation Affiliation Role
    Reproducibility WBG DECDI World Bank - Development Impact Department Verification and preparation of metadata
    Date of Production

    2026-04-21
    Document version

    1

    Citation

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