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PRWP

Reproducibility package for Labor Demand For Digital Skills In Post-2022 Ukraine: Evidence From Online Job Vacancy Data

2026
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Reference ID
RR_UKR_2026_702
DOI
https://doi.org/10.60572/evq7-yk68
Author(s)
Britta Rude, Yurii Kleban
Collections
World Bank Policy Research Working Papers
Metadata
JSON
Created on
Aug 10, 2026
Last modified
Aug 17, 2026
Page views
9
Downloads
5
  • Overview
  • Reproducibility Package
  • Description
  • Scope and coverage
  • Disclaimer
  • Access and rights
  • Contacts
  • Information on metadata
  • Citation

    • Overview

    Abstract

    This paper examines how invasion-related disruptions shape the demand for digital skills. Using a novel dataset of millions of online job vacancies in Ukraine from 2021 to 2025 - classified with large language models and mapped to the ESCO taxonomy -we link vacancy-level skill data to high-frequency ACLED attack intensity measures and estimate time-series models. We document a robust positive association between related fatalities and events and the share of postings requiring digital skills. Our results are robust across different time-series specifications and alternative attack intensity measures. This shift is driven by both within- and between-occupational shifts and by remote work adoption as a mediating channel. The rising digital skill share partly reflects the relative resilience of digital hiring against contracting total vacancy volumes rather than absolute digital expansion. These findings suggest that digitalization reshapes labor demand in ways that carry lasting implications for workforce planning and reconstruction policy.

    Reproducibility Package

    Scripts
    Get Reproducibility Package
    File name
    RR_UKR_2026_702
    Zip package
    RR_UKR_2026_702.zip
    Title
    Reproducibility package for Labor Demand For Digital Skills In Post-2022 Ukraine: Evidence From Online Job Vacancy Data
    Date
    2026-08
    Dependencies
    R dependencies are listed in the file renv.lock.
    Instructions
    See README in reproducibility package.
    Notes
    Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.
    Source code repository
    Repository name URI
    Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank) https://reproducibility.worldbank.org
    Software
    Name
    R
    Version
    4..6.1

    Reproducibility

    Technology environment

    Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:
    • OS: Windows 11 Enterprise 25H2
    • Processor: Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 6226R CPU @ 2.90GHz (2 processors)
    • Memory available: 16.0 GB
    Technology requirements

    Run time: ~ 5 minutes
    Reproduction instructions

    To reproduce the findings in this paper, a replicator must:

    1. Secure Access to Data: Access the datasets not included in the package. See the Datasets section for more details.
    2. Run the Package:
      • Update the working directory in line 19 of the do-file 00_master, and run it.
      • Open the R project ukraine_skills.Rproj, and restore the environment by running renv::restore() and following the prompts.
      • Open the script run_all.R and run the code.

    Since not all the data is included, the package includes the results produced by replicators. These files can be used to review the results presented in the paper.

    Data

    Datasets
    Name
    Jooble Ukraine Online Job Vacancy Data
    Note
    Data transferred to the research team under an institutional data-sharing arrangement with Jooble in April 2025. Three analysis-ready aggregated files derived from the raw vacancy microdata covering December 2020 – June 2025: (1) final_weekly.parquet — weekly aggregation (235 weeks, 2020-12-28 to 2025-06-23), including vacancy count, digital skill share, military skill share, remote work share, and ACLED conflict indicators; (2) final_monthly.parquet — monthly aggregation (54 months, 2021-01 to 2025-06), same variables plus calendar helpers; (3) final_dataset_occ_digital_month.parquet — month × occupation-group panel (488 rows, 2021-01 to 2025-06) with 1-digit ISCO-08 occupation codes and digital skill share. Redistribution is not permitted. Researchers seeking access should contact the corresponding author.
    Access policy
    Data access was granted directly to the study authors by the data owners. It was obtained with a custom data license that does not allow for redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Jooble Terms of Use
    License URL
    https://ua.jooble.org/info/terms
    Data URL
    https://ua.jooble.org/
    Citation
    Jooble. 2025. "Ukrainian Online Job Vacancy Microdata" [dataset]. Data transferred to the research team under a data-sharing agreement. Accessed April 2025.
    Name
    Armed Conflict Location and Event Data (ACLED) – Europe and Central Asia
    Note
    Data accessed on July 25, 2025. Region: Europe and Central Asia; event dates: January 1, 2020 – July 25, 2025; export format: Excel (.xlsx). A free ACLED account is required. Download via the ACLED Data Export Tool at https://acleddata.com/data-export-tool/ applying the above filters. The filename generated will include the download date. File location: data/europe-central-asia_full_data_up_to-2025-07-25.xlsx.
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available but does not allow redistribution and it is not included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    ACLED Terms of Use
    License URL
    https://acleddata.com/terms-of-use/
    Data URL
    https://acleddata.com/data-export-tool/
    Citation
    Raleigh, C., Linke, A., Hegre, H., and Karlsen, J. 2010. "Introducing ACLED: An Armed Conflict Location and Event Dataset." Journal of Peace Research, 47(5), 651–660. Data retrieved from https://acleddata.com/data-export-tool/ on July 25, 2025.
    Name
    Energy Map – Electricity Outage Schedule and Combat-Related Power Disconnections
    Note
    Two datasets from the Energy Map open-data portal (DiXi Group NGO), both included in the package. (1) Electricity Outage Schedule (2025_10_14_electricity_outages.xlsx): hourly nationwide electricity-outage schedule compiled from NPC Ukrenergo data on planned stabilization outages; 24,097 rows × 4 columns; January 1, 2023 – October 14, 2025 (snapshot). Available at https://energy-map.info/en/datasets/0f8f9882-1fb2-47c6-81dc-31fbad914f16. (2) Combat-Related Power Disconnections (2025_10_14_elektro_boiovi_dii_ukraina_minenergo.xlsx): daily record of hostilities-related power disconnections compiled from Ministry of Energy of Ukraine operational updates; March 1, 2022 – March 26, 2025. Available at https://energy-map.info/en/datasets/85a0e29e-e9aa-4e5d-8f97-01ba4bf0ed59. Both files accessed October 14, 2025. A free account is required to export from the portal; the free tier applies download limits. Files are redistributed with attribution to energy-map.info under Energy Map Terms of Service §6.1.5.
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Energy Map Terms of Service (free content reusable with attribution)
    License URL
    https://energy-map.info/en/terms-of-service
    Data URL
    https://energy-map.info/
    Citation
    Energy Map / DiXi Group. 2025. "Information on electricity consumption limitation measures; Number of consumers who lost electricity supply due to hostilities in Ukraine" [dataset]. Compiled from NPC Ukrenergo and Ministry of Energy of Ukraine data. https://energy-map.info/. Accessed October 14, 2025.
    Data statement

    Some data is restricted and has not been included in the reproducibility package. For more details, please refer to the README file.

    Description

    Output
    Type
    Working Paper
    Title
    Labor Demand For Digital Skills In Post-2022 Ukraine: Evidence From Online Job Vacancy Data
    Description
    Policy Research Working Papers (PRWP)
    Authors
    Author Affiliation Email
    Britta Rude World Bank brude@worldbank.org
    Yurii Kleban National University of Ostroh Academy yuriy.kleban@oa.edu.ua
    Date of production

    2026-08-06

    Scope and coverage

    Geographic locations
    Location Code
    Ukraine UKR
    Keywords
    Labor Demand Technological Change Large Datasets National Security War Conflict
    Topics
    ID Topic Parent topic ID Vocabulary Vocabulary URI
    J23 Labor Demand J2 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)
    O33 Technological Change: Choices and Consequences • Diffusion Processes O3 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)
    C55 Large Data Sets: Modeling and Analysis C5 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)
    H56 National Security and War H5 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)

    Disclaimer

    Disclaimer

    The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.

    Access and rights

    License
    Name URI
    MIT License https://opensource.org/license/mit
    World Bank IGO Rider https://github.com/worldbank/metadata-editor/blob/main/WB-IGO-RIDER.md

    Contacts

    Contacts
    Name Affiliation Email
    Britta Rude World Bank brude@worldbank.org
    Reproducibility WBG World Bank reproducibility@worldbank.org

    Information on metadata

    Producers
    Name Abbreviation Affiliation Role
    Reproducibility WBG DECDI World Bank - Development Impact Department Verification and preparation of metadata
    Date of Production

    2026-08-06
    Document version

    1

    Citation

    Citation
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