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PRWP

Reproducibility package for Spillovers in ICT Adoption from Formal to Informal Firms: Evidence from Zambia

2024
Get Reproducibility Package
Reference ID
RR_ZMB_2024_109
DOI
https://doi.org/10.60572/vpka-rz74
Author(s)
Filip Jolevski, Gaurav Nayyar, Regina Pleninger, Shu Yu
Collections
World Bank Policy Research Working Papers
Metadata
JSON
Created on
Apr 21, 2024
Last modified
Apr 22, 2024
  • Overview
  • Reproducibility Package
  • Description
  • Scope and coverage
  • Disclaimer
  • Access and rights
  • Contacts
  • Information on metadata
  • Citation

    • Overview

    Abstract

    This paper examines spillovers in the use of digital technologies from formal to informal businesses by exploring differences in geographic proximity. Using a unique set of geocoded data from the 2019 World Bank Enterprise Surveys in Zambia, the findings indicate that closer geographic proximity to formal firms is associated with a significantly higher likelihood of digital adoption by informal businesses. The finding holds for various types of digital technologies, ranging from computers, tablets, and cell phones to mobile money transactions, and is robust to various measures of geographic proximity and model modifications. The results vary by the owner’s level of education and business age. The results also suggest that the spillovers in ICT use can be explained by competition in the local market and learning through enhanced interactions.

    Reproducibility Package

    Scripts
    Get Reproducibility Package
    Title
    Reproducibility package (partial data and code) for Spillovers in ICT Adoption from Formal to Informal Firms: Evidence from Zambia
    Description
    The code in this folder generates the tables and figures in the paper “Spillovers in ICT Adoption from Formal to Informal Firms: Evidence from Zambia ” by Filip Jolevski, Gaurav Nayyar, Regina Pleninger, Shu Yu
    Dependencies
    All dependencies are stored in the ado folder.
    Instructions
    See README in the reproducibility package.
    Notes
    Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DIME) Analytics team, World Bank
    Source code repository
    Repository name URI
    Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank) https://reproducibility.worldbank.org
    Software
    Name
    Stata
    Version
    18

    Reproducibility

    Technology environment

    Paper exhibits were reproduced in a computer with the following specifications:
    • OS: Windows 11 Enterprise, version 21H2
    • Processor: Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 6226R CPU @ 2.90GHz, 16 Core(s)
    • Memory available: 15.7 GB
    • Software version: Stata 18
    Technology requirements

    ~10 minutes runtime
    Reproduction instructions

    For successful replication of this package, new users have two options depending on the data access level. To run the code from the beginning, users need to obtain full access to all data sources, including the World Bank Enterprise Survey (WBES) - Zambia and altitude data. Once accessed, they should name the files following the conventions outlined in the README and data entry documentation, and correctly place these files into the designated folder. After that users must update the directory paths and run the main do file. Alternatively, users can start from line 225 using the intermediate dataset, which only requires updating the directory path in the settings and running the Main do file. This approach allows users to reproduce the results in the paper starting from the intermediate data.

    Data

    Datasets
    Name
    World Bank Enterprise Survey (WBES) - Zambia
    Note
    The World Bank. Zambia - Enterprise Survey (ES) 2019. Located at: Data/Zambia-2019-full data.dta. Data should be downloaded from the following link and then placed in the Data folder with the same naming convention.
    Access policy
    The dataset is public but not included in the package. Data can be downloaded in the data URL.
    Data URL
    https://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/3763
    Name
    World Bank Micro Enterprise Survey (WBMES) - Zambia
    Note
    The World Bank. Zambia - Micro-Enterprise Survey (MES) 2019. Located at: Data/ZambiaMicro-2019-full data-long form.dta Data should be downloaded from the following link and then placed in the Data folder with the same naming convention.
    Access policy
    The dataset is public but not included in the package. Data can be downloaded in the data URL.
    Data URL
    https://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/3746
    Name
    World Bank Informal Sector Enterprise Survey (WBISES) - Zambia
    Note
    The World Bank. Zambia - Informal Sector Enterprise Survey (ISES) 2019. Located at: Data/ZambiaInformal and Micro-2019-full.dta Data should be downloaded from the following link and then placed in the Data folder with the same naming convention.
    Access policy
    The dataset is public but not included in the package. Data can be downloaded in the data URL.
    Data URL
    https://login.enterprisesurveys.org/content/sites/financeandprivatesector/en/library/library-detail.html/content/dam/wbgassetshare/enterprisesurveys/economy/zambia/ZambiaInformal-2019-full-data-long-form.dta
    Name
    Nighttime Lights
    Note
    Source: Esri, Earth Observation Group - Colorado School of Mines Payne Institute for Public Policy, NOAA, NASA. This dataset was downloaded and the authors manually added Firms GPS coordinates.
    Access policy
    Published with the package
    Data URL
    https://www.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=edabcbb5407547f5bc883018eb6e7986
    Name
    Productivity Density and Distance Data
    Note
    Source: World Bank Enterprise Survey. These data files were manually created by the authors using restricted GPS coordinates from the Enterprise Survey, therefore the initial data is not shared. However, the resulting data files are included in the package. To request access to the GPS coordinates data please get in touch with enterprisesurveys@worldbank.org. Located at: Data/Productivity.dta, SquareDensity.dta, squareid.dta, Dist_ClosestES.dta, Dist_ClosestFormal.dta, Dist_ClosestFormal_ALL_weak.dta, Dist_ClosestFormal_Web.dta
    Access policy
    Published in the package
    Name
    Altitude Data
    Note
    Source: World Bank Enterprise Survey. This dataset originates from the Zambia Informal and Sector Enterprise Survey and is not publicly shareable. Each business in the survey was recorded with its GPS coordinates, including latitude, longitude, and altitude. However, to uphold the confidentiality agreement and legal commitments of the World Bank, the Enterprise Analysis unit is prohibited from publishing this information. For access to the restricted GPS data (including altitude and other GPS data used for auxiliary datasets), please direct your inquiries to enterprisesurveys@worldbank.org.
    Access policy
    Not published in the package
    Data statement

    This study utilizes a mix of publishable and non-republishable data sources. All data sources are publicly available, except for the altitude data, which is neither public nor included in the reproducibility package. The primary data source is a World Bank public survey, which cannot be republished; however, download links for these files are available in the data entries and the README file. Additionally, the authors and replicators had access to restricted elements of these surveys, such as GPS coordinates and enumeration forms from the WBMES and WBISES, used solely for calculating distances, densities, and productivity. The results of these calculations and the inputs for the package are included within the package itself. For detailed information on accessing the restricted components and understanding the necessary folder structure for analysis, please consult the README file and the data documentation included. The authors have also provided an intermediate dataset that allows for the replication of the results directly from the package, starting at line 225 in the analysis section. To conduct the analysis from the beginning, refer to the README for instructions on accessing the licensed data sources.

    Description

    Output
    Type
    Working Paper
    Title
    Spillovers in ICT Adoption from Formal to Informal Firms: Evidence from Zambia
    Authors
    Filip Jolevski, Gaurav Nayyar, Regina Pleninger, Shu Yu
    Description
    Policy Research Working Paper (PRWP) 10757
    URL
    http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099420004222417764/IDU1132c9f691aaab14181180361a913d87dffc0
    DOI
    https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-10757
    Authors
    Author Affiliation Email
    Filip Jolevski World Bank fjolevski@worldbank.org
    Gaurav Nayyar World Bank gnayyar@worldbank.org
    Regina Pleninger World Bank rpleninger@worldbank.org
    Shu Yu World Bank syu2@worldbank.org
    Date of production

    2024-04

    Scope and coverage

    Geographic locations
    Location Code
    Zambia ZMB
    Keywords
    Informality Spillovers Technology Adoption Firms
    Topics
    ID Topic Parent topic ID Vocabulary Vocabulary URI
    O55 Africa O5 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)
    D22 Firm Behavior: Empirical Analysis D2 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)
    E26 Informal Economy • Underground Economy E2 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)
    O17 Formal and Informal Sectors • Shadow Economy • Institutional Arrangements O1 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)

    Disclaimer

    Disclaimer

    The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.

    Access and rights

    License
    Name URI
    Modified BSD3 https://opensource.org/license/bsd-3-clause/

    Contacts

    Contacts
    Name Affiliation Email
    Regina Pleninger World Bank rpleninger@worldbank.org
    Reproducibility WBG World Bank reproducibility@worldbank.org

    Information on metadata

    Producers
    Name Abbreviation Affiliation Role
    Reproducibility WBG DIME World Bank - Development Impact Department Verification and preparation of metadata
    Date of Production

    2024-04-10
    Document version

    1

    Citation

    Citation
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