Reproducibility package for Leveraging Trade for More and Better Jobs
Reference ID
FR_WLD_2024_162
Author(s)
Maryla Maliszewska, Deborah Winkler, Luis Alejandro Aguilar Luna
Collections
Metadata
Created on
Aug 02, 2024
Last modified
Oct 09, 2024
Overview
Abstract
Trade exposure is traditionally seen as key to job creation and poverty reduction, but its efficacy is questioned amid global labor market upheavals and protectionist trends. Drawing on six underlying studies, this report uses disaggregated data from 1995 to 2019 to explore the nuanced impact of trade on jobs. Specifically, it investigates the impact of trade exposure on job creation, labor earnings, productivity, and job quality across countries with varying income levels. It finds that trade exposure, particularly in exports and global value chains, correlates with increased employment, especially in manufacturing where it is also associated with higher female workforce participation. Higher trade exposure is associated with increased labor earnings, with wage inequality decreasing in low- and middle-income countries due to global value chain integration. Labor productivity improves with export growth, especially benefiting unskilled workers in low-tech manufacturing and agriculture in developing countries. Job quality is also enhanced with more exports, transitioning to salaried employment positions and higher value-added activities outside of production. However, the report notes that trade exposure does not significantly boost job numbers or reduce earnings inequality in low-income countries. It also finds that the positive effects of trade on employment, earnings, and productivity have diminished following the global financial crisis of 2007. These findings offer insights into future job and trade policy strategies.
Reproducibility Package
Scripts
Title
Reproducibility package (partial data and code) for Leveraging Trade for More and Better Jobs
Date
2024-08
Dependencies
All dependencies are stored in the ado folder contained in the reproducibility package.
Instructions
See README in reproducibility package.
Notes
Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DIME) Analytics team, World Bank.
Source code repository
| Repository name | URI |
|---|---|
| Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank) | https://reproducibility.worldbank.org |
Software
Name
Stata
Version
18
Reproducibility
Technology environment
Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:
• OS: Windows 10 Enterprise
• Processor: Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 6226R CPU @ 2.90GHz, 2900 Mhz, 16 Core(s), 16 Logical Processor(s)
• Memory available: 147 GB
• Software version: Stata 18MP
Technology requirements
~60 minutes runtime
Reproduction instructions
- To successfully replicate this package, new users must access the public but non-redistributable data from the World Bank Enterprise Surveys. Additionally, they should download the Routine Task Intensity Data Reproducibility Package sourced in the data entries and follow the detailed instructions in the README file available in this reproducibility package.
- Once the required data is in the folder, update the file paths to match the location on your computer.
- Run the main do-files:
- Code/ReplicationMasterReport_GenDatav1
- Code/ReplicationMasterReportv4
Data
Datasets
Name
Trade in employment (TiM) 2021 edition
Note
Source: OECD Stat.
Located at: Data/TiM2021/Raw files/ indicators included are EMPN.csv, EXGR_CED.csv, EXGR_CEI.csv, EXGR_CER.csv, EXGR_DCE.csv, EXGR_DEM.csv, EXGR_EMD.csv, EXGR_EMI.csv, EXGR_EMR.csv, LABR.csv.
To download the data from the original source go to the following link, select the indicator, download the CSV file, and place it in the "TiM2021/Raw files" folder.
Access policy
Published with the package
Data URL
https://data-explorer.oecd.org/vis?df[ds]=DisseminateFinalDMZ&df[id]=DSD_TIM_2021%40DF_TIM_2021&df[ag]=OECD.STI.PIE&dq=FFD_DEM.._T.W.PT_EMP.A&pd=2015%2C&to[TIME_PERIOD]=false
Name
Trade in Value Added (TiVA) 2021 edition
Note
Source: OECD Stat.
Located at: Data/TIVA2021/Raw files/ indicators included are DFD_FVA.csv, EXGR_DVA.csv, EXGR_FVA.csv, IMGR.csv, VALU.csv, EXGR.csv, EXGR_DVAFXSH.csv, EXGR_INT.csv, IMGR_FNL.csv, EXGR_DDC.csv EXGR_FNL.csv, FFD_DVA.csv, IMGR_INT.csv.
To download the data from the original source go to the following link, select the indicator, download the CSV file, and place it in the "TIVA2021/Raw files" folder.
Access policy
Published with the package
Data URL
https://stats.oecd.org/index.aspx?queryid=106160
Name
TiM and TiVA - 2021 country sample
Note
Source: OECD.
Follow the link below, go to "documentation", then “Appendix A-TiM Country list”.
Located at: Other Data/Cntrysample2021.dta
Access policy
Published with the package
Data URL
https://data-explorer.oecd.org/vis?tm=Tiva%202021&pg=0&snb=2&df[ds]=dsDisseminateFinalDMZ&df[id]=DSD_TIM_2021%40DF_TIM_2021&df[ag]=OECD.STI.PIE&df[vs]=1.0&dq=FFD_DEM.._T.W.PT_EMP.A&pd=2015%2C&to[TIME_PERIOD]=false
Name
Trade in Value Added (TiVA) 2023 edition
Note
Source: OECD Stat.
Located at: Data/TiVA2023/Raw files/ indicators included are EXGR_DDC.csv, VALU.csv, EXGR.csv.
To download the data from the original source go to the following link, select the indicator, download the CSV file, and place it in the "TiVA2023/Raw files" folder.
Data URL
https://data-explorer.oecd.org/vis?tm=tiva&pg=0&snb=14&df[ds]=dsDisseminateFinalDMZ&df[id]=DSD_TIVA_MAINLV%40DF_MAINLV&df[ag]=OECD.STI.PIE&df[vs]=1.0&dq=FFD_DVA.AUS..W..A&pd=2015%2C&to[TIME_PERIOD]=false
Name
World Bank Enterprise Survey (WBES)
Note
Source: World Bank, Enterprise Survey.
Located at: Trade & Gender/Firm Level TFP Estimates and Factor Ratios_April_09_2018.dta and New_Comprehensive_April_09_2018.dta
The user must follow the link below, log in, download the files Firm-Level-TFP-Estimates-and-Factor-Ratios-Data-and-Documentation and StandardizedNew2006-2018-core4, and place them in the correct folder with the specified name.
Access policy
Public but does not allow republication. Publicly accessible through the World Bank's Enterprise Survey Portal below.
Data URL
https://login.enterprisesurveys.org/content/sites/financeandprivatesector/en/signin.html?resource=%2Fcontent%2Fsites%2Ffinanceandprivatesector%2Fen%2Flibrary%2Fcombineddata.html&$$login$$=%24%24login%24%24&j_reason=unknown&j_reason_code=unknown
Name
Trade in employment (TiM) 2023 edition
Note
Source: OECD Stat.
Located at: Data/TiM2023/Raw files/ indicators included are EMPN.csv, EMPN_EXGRDEM.csv, EXGR_CED.csv, EXGR_CEI.csv, EXGR_CER.csv, EXGR_DCE.csv, EXGR_DEM.csv, EXGR_EMD.csv, EXGR_EMI.csv, EXGR_EMR.csv, LABR.csv.
To download the data from the original source go to the following link, select the indicator, download the CSV file, and place it in the "TiM2023/Raw files" folder.
Access policy
Published with the package
Data URL
https://data-explorer.oecd.org/vis?df[ds]=DisseminateFinalDMZ&df[id]=DSD_TIM_2023%40DF_TIM_2023&df[ag]=OECD.STI.PIE&dq=FFD_DEM.._T.W.PT_EMP.A&pd=2015%2C&to[TIME_PERIOD]=false
Name
World Development Indicators
Note
Source: World Bank.
Located at: Data/WDIData/ILO_1.xslx (indicators included are Employment to population ratio, 15+, total (%) (modeled ILO estimate); and Vulnerable employment, total (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate)), and Data/WDIData/TradeOpenness.xlsx (indicators included are Agricultural raw materials imports (% of merchandise imports); Commercial service imports (current US$); Commercial service exports (current US$); Exports of goods and services (% of GDP); Exports of goods and services (annual % growth); Exports of goods and services (constant 2015 US$); Export value index (2000 = 100); Exports of goods and services (current US$); Fuel imports (% of merchandise imports); Fuel exports (% of merchandise exports); Food exports (% of merchandise exports); Food imports (% of merchandise imports); Goods imports (BoP, current US$); GDP per capita (constant 2015 US$); GDP per capita growth (annual %); High-technology exports (% of manufactured exports); Imports of goods and services (% of GDP); Imports of goods and services (annual % growth); Imports of goods and services (constant 2015 US$); Import value index (2000 = 100); Imports of goods and services (current US$); Merchandise imports (current US$); Manufactures exports (% of merchandise exports); Manufactures imports (% of merchandise imports); Ores and metals imports (% of merchandise imports); Ores and metals exports (% of merchandise exports); and Travel services (% of commercial). service exports).
Access policy
Published with the package
Data URL
https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators
Name
Gravity Data
Note
Source: Centre for Prospective Studies and International Information (CEPPI).
Located at: Other Data/dist_cepii.dta.
Follow the link below, go to download, click on Stata, and open the “Gravity” file, keep variable “contig” and data only from 1995.
Access policy
Published with the package
Data URL
http://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=8
Name
World Bank Country and Lending Groups
Note
Source: World Bank.
Located at: Other Data/Income.dta.
Follow the link below, go to “historical classification by income in XLSX format.”, sheet “Country Analytical History”.
Access policy
Published with the package
Data URL
https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups
Name
Country Codes and Names
Note
Source: International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
Located at: Other Data/country_codes_piaac.dta and Other Data/countrynames.dta.
The authors constructed this data using the information provided in the ISO link.
For country_codes_piaac.dta, select the country's names, Alpha2, and Alpha3 codes, renaming the country names to country_iso3 for CountryCode and iso2 for country_gini. The list of needed countries is available in the README file.
For countrynames.dta, select the required country's names and Alpha3 codes, renaming the country name to country and the Alpha3 code to iso3. The list of needed countries is available in the README file.
Access policy
Published with the package
Data URL
https://www.iso.org/obp/ui#search
Name
Correspondence Table between Industry Codes
Note
Source: OECD.
Located at: Other Data/Indcode_new_old.dta
Follow the link below, go to “TiM old versus new codes”, and see the last table on page 3.
Access policy
Published with the package
Data URL
https://data-explorer.oecd.org/vis?tm=Tiva%202021&pg=0&snb=2&df%5bds%5d=dsDisseminateFinalDMZ&df%5bid%5d=DSD_TIM_2021%40DF_TIM_2021&df%5bag%5d=OECD.STI.PIE&df%5bvs%5d=1.0&dq=FFD_DEM.._T.W.PT_EMP.A&pd=2015%2C&to%5bTIME_PERIOD%5d=false
Name
Correspondence Table among Industry Codes
Note
Source: Manually constructed by the team based on the ETD-ISIC Rev 4concordance and ISIC-EORA concordance.
Located at: Other Data/ISIC4_ETD_EORA.dta
Access policy
Published with the package
Data URL
https://www.wider.unu.edu/database/etd-economic-transformation-database, https://worldmrio.com/documentation/
Name
Maritime Frontiers across Countries
Note
This file was manually created by the team based on google maps.
Located at: Other Data/maritime_frontiers_islands.dta
Access policy
Published with the package
Name
Country Group Taxonomy
Note
Source: World Bank.
Located at: Other Data/Taxonomy_new_only_final.dta.
Follow the link below, go to Chapter 1, download data, then go to “Map 1.1” sheet in “WDR2020_chapter1_data” file.
Access policy
Published with the package
Data URL
https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/wdr2020/brief/world-development-report-2020-data
Name
Reproducibility Package: Routine Task Intensity Data
Note
Source: The Role of Global Value Chains for Worker Tasks and Wage Inequality.
Located at: Data/RTI/dataset.dta.
To obtain the data file, replicators should follow the detailed instructions in the README file, and then include this dataset in the folder Data/RTI/ with the name dataset.dta.
If there are any questions regarding this dataset please contact the original author at piotr.lewandowski@ibs.org.pl.
For this dataset the replicators used the data provided directly by the authors. The reviewers did not verify if the reproducibility package linked matches the data provided by the authors.
Access policy
Confidential and not included with the package
Data URL
https://piotr-lewandowski.pl/code_database/replication-package-for-the-technology-skills-and-globalization-explaining-international-differences-in-routine-and-nonroutine-work-using-survey-data-article-wber-2022/
Name
Reproducibility Package: Export Diversification from an Activity Perspective: An Exploration Using Occupation Data
Note
Source: H. Kruse; M.P. Timmer; G.J. de Vries; X. Ye, 2023, "Replication Data for: Export Diversification from an Activity Perspective: An Exploration Using Occupation Data", https://doi.org/10.34894/9JQII1, DataverseNL, V1.
Located at: Data/AiE/income20.dta and Data/AiE/pwt100.dta.
To obtain from original source follow the link below and place the two listed data files in the "AiE" folder.
An additional dataset from the authors of this paper was provided directly to the authors. This dataset is not included in the linked package below, but it is included in this reproducibility package located at Other Data/GGDC_extra.dta.
Access policy
Published with the package
Data URL
https://dataverse.nl/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.34894/9JQII1
Data statement
All data sources are publicly available, but not all are included in the reproducibility package. However, the replicators used data provided directly by the authors and did not verify if the publicly available data matches the data provided by the authors.
Description
Output
Type
World Bank Reports & Flagships
Title
Leveraging Trade for More and Better Jobs
Authors
Maryla Maliszewska and Deborah Winkler
URL
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099082824074054627/P17853812dd3780221b31d15f2c6c4768ea
Authors
| Author | Affiliation | |
|---|---|---|
| Maryla Maliszewska | World Bank | mmaliszewska@worldbank.org |
| Deborah Winkler | World Bank | dwinkler2@worldbank.org |
| Luis Alejandro Aguilar Luna | El Colegio de México | laguilar@colmex.mx |
Date of production
2024-08
Scope and coverage
Geographic locations
| Location | Code |
|---|---|
| World | WLD |
Disclaimer
Disclaimer
The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.
Access and rights
License
| Name | URI |
|---|---|
| Modified BSD3 | https://opensource.org/license/bsd-3-clause/ |
Contacts
Contacts
| Name | Affiliation | |
|---|---|---|
| Deborah Winkler | World Bank | dwinkler2@worldbank.org |
| Reproducibility WBG | World Bank | reproducibility@worldbank.org |
Information on metadata
Producers
| Name | Abbreviation | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|---|
| Reproducibility WBG | DIME | World Bank - Development Impact Department | Verification and preparation of metadata |
Date of Production
2024-08-01
Document version
1