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PRWP

Reproducibility package for Digitalization and Inclusive Growth: A Review of the Evidence

2024
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Reference ID
RR_WLD_2024_190
DOI
https://doi.org/10.60572/5ke3-2640
Author(s)
Gaurav Nayyar, Regina Pleninger, Dana Vorisek, Shu Yu
Collections
World Bank Policy Research Working Papers
Metadata
JSON
Created on
Sep 05, 2024
Last modified
Oct 18, 2024
  • Project Description
  • Downloads
  • Overview
  • Reproducibility Package
  • Description
  • Scope and coverage
  • Disclaimer
  • Access and rights
  • Contacts
  • Information on metadata
  • Citation
  • Overview

    Abstract

    This paper summarizes the evidence on the growth and distributional effects of digitalization through four channels: average productivity growth, employment and wages, access to markets, and government finances. First, digitalization has increased average productivity growth by better matching demand and supply, improving the efficiency of business processes, and boosting the accumulation of intangible capital. For developing economies, the productivity gains from “smart” automation and artificial intelligence (AI) that reduce labor costs may be lower than from the previous wave of information and communications technologies (ICT), which improved the matching of sellers to buyers by reducing search and coordination costs. Second, there is little evidence that ICT use has either reduced aggregate employment or resulted in job polarization in developing economies, unlike the experience of advanced economies. However, distributional challenges within countries might increase to the extent to which “smart” robots and AI need complementary skills. Third, digitalization has enhanced market access for rural households, small firms, and unbanked populations in developing economies through improving information flows. Fourth, digitalization has improved the efficiency of government spending on, and revenue mobilization for, public services and welfare programs through its effect on transparency, accountability, simplification of bureaucratic processes, and adoption of new delivery models.

    Reproducibility Package

    Scripts
    Readme Get Reproducibility Package
    Link: https://reproducibility.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/183/download/516/README.pdf
    Reproducibility package (code and data) for Digitalization and Inclusive Growth: A Review of the Evidence
    Title
    Reproducibility package (code and data) for Digitalization and Inclusive Growth: A Review of the Evidence
    Dependencies
    All Stata dependencies are included in the folder "Do files/ado".
    Notes
    Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DIME) Analytics team, World Bank.
    Source code repository
    Repository name URI
    Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank) https://reproducibility.worldbank.org
    Software
    Stata
    Name
    Stata
    Version
    18.0 MP

    Reproducibility

    Technology environment

    Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:
    • OS: Windows 11 Enterprise, version 23H2
    • 11th Gen Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-1145G7 @ 2.60GHz 1.50 GHz
    • Memory available: 15.7 GB
    • Software version: Stata 18.0 MP

    Technology requirements

    Runtime: 5 minutes

    Reproduction instructions

    Users need to set the global path in line 10 of the main do-file "Master_Do-file" and run it to reproduce the results.

    Data

    Datasets
    World Bank Historical Classification of Countries by Income
    Name
    World Bank Historical Classification of Countries by Income
    Note
    Data was accessed in July 2024. Data file: "OGHIST.xlsx".
    Access policy
    Data is public and included in the reproducibility package
    License
    Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0) and additional terms specified in the license URL
    License URL
    https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/legal/terms-of-use-for-datasets
    Data URL
    https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups
    GovTech Dataset (October 2022)
    Name
    GovTech Dataset (October 2022)
    Note
    Data was accessed in July 2024. Data file: "WBG_GovTech Dataset_Oct2022.xlsx".
    Access policy
    Data is public and included in the reproducibility package
    License
    Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)
    License URL
    https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/int/public-licenses?fragment=cc
    Data URL
    https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/search/dataset/0037889/govtech-dataset
    World Bank Open Data dataset
    Name
    World Bank Open Data dataset
    Note
    Indicators used: GDP per capita, PPP (constant 2021 international $), individuals using the Internet (% of population), mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people). Data was accessed in August 2024 using the Stata package "wbopendata" with code included in the reproducibility package. The data is loaded into Stata directly, no data file is used.
    Access policy
    Data is public and the code to load it is included in the reproducibility package
    License
    Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)
    License URL
    https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/public-licenses#cc-by
    Data URL
    https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/
    World Bank Enterprise Surveys
    Name
    World Bank Enterprise Surveys
    Note
    Data was accessed in June 2024 through a custom query in the data URL. Details of the custom query are included in the README. Data file: "WBES_CustomQuery.xlsx".
    Access policy
    Data is public and included in the reproducibility package
    Data URL
    https://www.enterprisesurveys.org/en/custom-query
    Eurostat database
    Name
    Eurostat database
    Note
    Indicators used: adoption of internet access, website, e-commerce sales, big data, AI, robotics, and 3D printing for firms in the manufacturing sector and all sectors. Data was accessed in August 2024 using a custom query in the data URL. Details of the query are included in the README. Data file: "EU_data.csv".
    Access policy
    Data is public and included in the reproducibility package
    License
    Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)
    License URL
    https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/main/help/copyright-notice
    Data URL
    https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database
    Data statement

    All data sources are publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.

    Description

    Output
    Digitalization and Inclusive Growth: A Review of the Evidence
    Type
    Working paper
    Title
    Digitalization and Inclusive Growth: A Review of the Evidence
    Description
    Policy Research Working Paper (PRWP) WPS10941
    URL
    http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099010010022412266/IDU1801d6a1a138fa1476619bf819382ed4cb0b7
    DOI
    https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-10941
    Authors
    Author Affiliation Email
    Gaurav Nayyar World Bank gnayyar@worldbank.org
    Regina Pleninger World Bank rpleninger@worldbank.org
    Dana Vorisek World Bank dvorisek@worldbank.org
    Shu Yu World Bank syu2@worldbank.org
    Date of production

    2024-08

    Scope and coverage

    Geographic locations
    Location Code
    World WLD
    Keywords
    Digital Technology Economic Growth Jobs Inequality Development
    Topics
    ID Topic Parent topic ID Vocabulary Vocabulary URI
    O1 Economic Development O Journal of Economic Literature
    O3 Innovation • Research and Development • Technological Change • Intellectual Property Rights O Journal of Economic Literature

    Disclaimer

    Disclaimer

    The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.

    Access and rights

    License
    Name URI
    Modified BSD3 https://opensource.org/license/bsd-3-clause/

    Contacts

    Contacts
    Name Affiliation Email
    Regina Pleninger World Bank rpleninger@worldbank.org
    Reproducibility WBG World Bank reproducibility@worldbank.org

    Information on metadata

    Producers
    Name Abbreviation Affiliation Role
    Reproducibility WBG DIME World Bank - Development Impact Department Verification and preparation of metadata
    Date of Production

    2024-08-27

    Document version

    1

    Citation

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