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PRWP

Reproducibility package for Digitalization, Remote Work and Firm Performance: Evidence from the COVID-19 Shock

2024
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Reference ID
RR_WLD_2024_199
DOI
https://doi.org/10.60572/x7zt-e920
Author(s)
Cristina Constantinescu, Arti Grover, Gaurav Nayyar
Collections
World Bank Policy Research Working Papers
Metadata
JSON
Created on
Oct 07, 2024
Last modified
Oct 18, 2024
  • Overview
  • Reproducibility Package
  • Description
  • Scope and coverage
  • Disclaimer
  • Access and rights
  • Contacts
  • Information on metadata
  • Citation

    • Overview

    Abstract

    Using Business Pulse Surveys (BPS) data for 61 countries during the COVID-19 pandemic, this paper presents novel findings on remote work, enabled by digitalization, as a source of resilience for firms. Our results suggest the following. First, firms in sectors with greater amenability to remote work experienced a smaller adverse impact of the pandemic in countries with better digital infrastructure. Second, these effects apply to both exporting and non-exporting firms. Third, there are differences across sectors. Among firms in the manufacturing sector, the benefits of remote work in countries with better digital infrastructure accrue more to exporters relative to non-exporters, thereby reflecting a premium to exporting. This exporting premium is not observed in the services sector, which largely comprises firms among non-knowledge intensive services in our sample. Fourth, the effects of the amenability to work remotely in countries with better digital infrastructure do not dissipate over time.

    Reproducibility Package

    Scripts
    Get Reproducibility Package
    Title
    Reproducibility package (partial data and code) for Digitalization, Remote Work and Firm Performance: Evidence from the COVID-19 Shock
    Date
    2024-10
    Dependencies
    All dependencies are stored in the ado folder.
    Notes
    Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DIME) Analytics team, World Bank.
    Source code repository
    Repository name URI
    Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank) https://reproducibility.worldbank.org
    Software
    Name
    Stata
    Version
    18.0 MP

    Reproducibility

    Technology environment

    Paper exhibits were reproduced in a computer with the following specifications:
    – OS: Windows 11 Enterprise
    – Processor: Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-1145G7 CPU @ 2.60GHz
    – Memory available: 15.7 GB
    – Software version: Stata version 18.0 MP
    Technology requirements

    ~3 minutes run time
    Reproduction instructions
    • Some of the data required to reproduce this project is confidential, and there is no standard procedure for accessing it. As it may be difficult for a replicator to obtain these private datasets, the package includes the outputs generated by the replicators when running the code. Additionally, the package contains a log file from the replicators’ last run (logfile.log). This allows the user to access the code, understand how the authors produced the results, and verify them using the outputs and log file.
    • If users are able to gain access to the private data, they can reproduce the results by following these steps:
      1. Change the file path in the main do-file.
      2. Run the main do-file.

    Data

    Datasets
    Name
    COVID-19 Business Pulse Survey
    Note
    Source: World Bank, EFI-FCI-TIC-Investment Climate (ETIIC). Located at: Data/GlobalBPS_clean_combined.dta. The clean data file and the code used to produce the harmonized data were directly provided by the ETIIC team. This data is not publicly accessible through standard channels, but potential replicators can contact the authors at ineagu@worldbank.org for more information. A full list of the indicators included in the dataset can be found in the README file.
    Access policy
    Restricted and not included in the package
    Name
    Mapping of BPS sector codes to ISIC codes
    Note
    Source: World Bank, EFI-FCI-TIC-Investment Climate (ETIIC). Located at: Data/concordance to ISIC classification.dta. The clean data file and the code used to produce the harmonized data were directly provided by the ETIIC team. This data is not publicly accessible through standard channels, but potential replicators can contact the authors at ineagu@worldbank.org for more information. The indicators included in the data are Firm ID, Survey Wave, COVID survey date, Final ISIC classification, and ISIC Rev 4 classification.
    Access policy
    Restricted and not included in the package
    Name
    World Development Indicators
    Note
    Source: World Bank. Three indicators consulted: - GDP per capita (constant 2015 US$), direct download: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.KD; - Share of individuals using internet, direct download: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.NET.USER.ZS?locations=ET/; - Number of secure internet servers per 1 million people, direct download: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.NET.SECR.P6. Located at: Data/API_NY.GDP.PCAP.KD_DS2.xlsx, Internet_usage.dta, Secure_servers.dta
    Access policy
    Published with the package
    License
    Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0)
    License URL
    https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/public-licenses#cc-by
    Data URL
    https://datatopics.worldbank.org/world-development-indicators/
    Name
    Barro-Lee Educational Attainment Dataset
    Note
    Source: Barro, Robert and Jong-Wha Lee, 2013, “A New Data Set of Educational Attainment in the World, 1950-2010.” Journal of Development Economics, vol 104, pp.184-198. Indicator used: Average years of schooling in population over the age of 25. Located at: Data/R_Data_Extract_From_Education_Statistics_Education_Attainment.xlsx.
    Access policy
    Published with the package
    Data URL
    http://barrolee.com/?page_id=99
    Name
    Sectoral Amenability to Remote Work Data
    Note
    Source: Espitia, A., A. Mattoo, N. Rocha, M. Ruta, and D.Winkler (2021). Pandemic trade: Covid-19, remote work and global value chains. The World Economy. 45: 561-589. Located at: Data/Remote_labor_isic.dta. The data was directly provided by the authors of the sourced paper to the authors of this reproducibility package. The dataset is included in the package.
    Access policy
    Published with the package
    Name
    International Standard Industrial Classification
    Note
    Source: Manually constructed by the team based on the International Labor Organization (ILO), ISIC Rev 4 classification. Located at: Data: Sector_categories.xlsx
    Access policy
    Published with the package
    License
    Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0)
    License URL
    https://www.ilo.org/rights-and-permissions#data
    Data URL
    https://ilostat.ilo.org/methods/concepts-and-definitions/classification-economic-activities/
    Data statement

    Some data is restricted and has not been included in the reproducibility package. For more details, please refer to the README file.

    Description

    Output
    Type
    Working Paper
    Title
    Digitalization, Remote Work and Firm Performance: Evidence from the COVID-19 Shock
    Authors
    Cristina Constantinescu, Arti Grover, and Gaurav Nayyar
    Description
    Policy Research Working Paper (PRWP) WPS10949
    URL
    http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099320110152485309/IDU109730bb01deff1434b1ac661b7155ed32bf4
    DOI
    https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-10949
    Authors
    Author Affiliation Email
    Cristina Constantinescu World Bank ineagu@worldbank.org
    Arti Grover International Finance Corporation agrover1@ifc.org
    Gaurav Nayyar World Bank gnayyar@worldbank.org
    Date of production

    2024-10

    Scope and coverage

    Geographic locations
    Location Code
    World WLD
    Keywords
    Digital Remote work Firms Resilience COVID-19 Trade
    Topics
    ID Topic Parent topic ID Vocabulary Vocabulary URI
    D22 Firm Behavior: Empirical Analysis D2 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)
    F14 Empirical Studies of Trade F1 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)
    L20 Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior - General L2 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)
    L25 Firm Performance: Size, Diversification, and Scope L2 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)
    O10 Economic Development - General O1 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)

    Disclaimer

    Disclaimer

    The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.

    Access and rights

    License
    Name URI
    Modified BSD3 https://opensource.org/license/bsd-3-clause/

    Contacts

    Contacts
    Name Affiliation Email
    Cristina Constantinescu World Bank ineagu@worldbank.org
    Reproducibility WBG World Bank reproducibility@worldbank.org

    Information on metadata

    Producers
    Name Abbreviation Affiliation Role
    Reproducibility WBG DIME World Bank - Development Impact Department Verification and preparation of metadata
    Date of Production

    2024-10-03
    Document version

    1

    Citation

    Citation
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