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PRWP

Reproducibility package for Do Bilateral Labor Agreements Increase Migration? Global Evidence from 1960 to 2020

2024
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Reference ID
RR_WLD_2024_243
DOI
https://doi.org/10.60572/awxd-f778
Author(s)
Samik Adhikari, Narcisse Cha’ngom, Heidi Kaila, Maheshwor Shrestha
Collections
World Bank Policy Research Working Papers
Metadata
JSON
Created on
Dec 12, 2024
Last modified
Dec 18, 2024
  • Project Description
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  • Overview
  • Reproducibility Package
  • Description
  • Scope and coverage
  • Disclaimer
  • Access and rights
  • Contacts
  • Information on metadata
  • Citation
  • Overview

    Abstract

    This paper estimates the impact of bilateral labor arrangements (BLAs) on migration between two countries. We use comprehensive data on bilateral migration and BLAs across all country pairs for each decade from 1960 to 2020, and employ an empirical specification with a rich set of fixed effects. In our preferred and most stringent specification, we find that signing a BLA increases migration from an origin to a destination country by 76 percent (0.57 log points) in the decade of signing. The effect persists for up to three decades. The impacts are higher for corridors without a pre-existing regular flow and for destinations in the Gulf Cooperation Council. In contrast, the effect is virtually absent for origin countries in Africa, driven by countries with weak government effectiveness. The estimates imply that BLAs can lead to substantial welfare gains: migrants from low- and lower-middle-income countries can earn an additional US$120 million annually from a single BLA.

    Reproducibility Package

    Scripts
    Readme Get Reproducibility Package
    Link: https://reproducibility.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/224/download/649/README.pdf
    Reproducibility package (data and partial code) for Do Bilateral Labor Agreements Increase Migration? Global Evidence from 1960 to 2020
    Title
    Reproducibility package (data and partial code) for Do Bilateral Labor Agreements Increase Migration? Global Evidence from 1960 to 2020
    Date
    2024-12
    Dependencies
    All dependencies are stored in the ado folder.
    Notes
    Computational reproducibility verified by the Development Impact (DIME) Analytics team, World Bank.
    Source code repository
    Repository name URI
    Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank) https://reproducibility.worldbank.org
    Software
    Stata
    Name
    Stata
    Version
    18 MP

    Reproducibility

    Technology environment

    Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:
    – OS: Windows 10 Enterprise
    – Processor: Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 6226R CPU @ 2.90GHz 2.90 GHz (2 processors)
    – Memory available: 32 GB
    – Software version: Stata 18 MP

    Technology requirements

    ~ 10 minutes

    Reproduction instructions

    To run the package users must open "Master_file.do" and change the directory path in line 22 to be the corresponding location in their computer.

    Data

    Datasets
    Bilateral Labor Agreements 1945-2020
    Name
    Bilateral Labor Agreements 1945-2020
    Note
    Source: Chilton, Adam, 2022, "Bilateral Labor Agreements Dataset - Version 2 (2022)", https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/QWSLYI, Harvard Dataverse. Location: DATA/BLAs_Coding_Data.dta; DATA/BLAs_Formation_Data.dta. Dataset was downloaded by authors and used to create the main data for this package: Location: DATA/BLA_Migration_data.dta.
    Access policy
    Included in the package
    License URL
    https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
    Data URL
    https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/QWSLYI
    Bilateral Migration data 1960-2000
    Name
    Bilateral Migration data 1960-2000
    Note
    Source: World Bank, DataBank Global Bilateral Migration. The dataset was downloaded by the authors and used to create the main data for this package, located at DATA/BLA_Migration_data.dta. Original data: DATA/P_Data_Extract_From_Global_Bilateral_Migration.xlsx. Documentation on how this data was processed is available in the README file, which includes a detailed variable list and information on the dataset's construction. For further details, please refer to the README file or contact the author, Maheshwor Shrestha, at mshrestha1@worldbank.org
    Access policy
    Included in the package
    License
    Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)
    License URL
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    Data URL
    https://databank.worldbank.org/source/global-bilateral-migration
    Bilateral Migration data 2010-2020
    Name
    Bilateral Migration data 2010-2020
    Note
    Source: United Nations. International Migrant Stock. The dataset was downloaded by the authors and used to create the main data for this package, located at DATA/BLA_Migration_data.dta. Original data: DATA/undesa_pd_2020_ims_stock_by_sex_destination_and_origin.xlsx. Documentation on how this data was processed is available in the README file, which includes a detailed variable list and information on the dataset's construction. For further details, please refer to the README file or contact the author, Maheshwor Shrestha, at mshrestha1@worldbank.org
    Access policy
    Included in the package
    License
    Creative Commons license CC BY 3.0
    License URL
    http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/
    Data URL
    https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/content/international-migrant-stock
    World Bank Worldwide Governance Indicators
    Name
    World Bank Worldwide Governance Indicators
    Note
    Source: Daniel Kaufmann and Aart Kraay (2023). Worldwide Governance Indicators, 2023 Update (www.govindicators.org). Indicator used: government effectiveness score. Dataset was downloaded by authors and manually added to the main dataset used for this package, variable name gee. Location: DATA/BLA_Migration_data.dta.
    Access policy
    Included in the package
    License
    Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)
    License URL
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    Data URL
    https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/worldwide-governance-indicators
    Country ISO3 codes
    Name
    Country ISO3 codes
    Note
    Source: Created by the authors. ISO3 codes are assigned to origin and destination countries following World Bank standards. Location:DATA/countries_match.xlsx
    Access policy
    Included in the package
    Bilateral Migration Stocks Data
    Name
    Bilateral Migration Stocks Data
    Note
    Source: Data created by the authors using the sources listed above. Location: DATA/BLA_Migration_data.dta. For more information, please see the README file for a detailed variable list and more details on the construction of the dataset; or contact the author, Maheshwor Shrestha, at mshrestha1@worldbank.org
    Access policy
    Included in the package
    Data statement

    All data sources are publicly available, and included in the package.

    Description

    Output
    Do Bilateral Labor Agreements Increase Migration? Global Evidence from 1960 to 2020
    Type
    World Bank Policy Research Working Papers
    Title
    Do Bilateral Labor Agreements Increase Migration? Global Evidence from 1960 to 2020
    Authors
    Samik Adhikari, Narcisse Cha’ngom, Heidi Kaila, and Maheshwor Shrestha
    Description
    Policy Research Working Paper (PRWP) 11000
    URL
    http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/099430112132444489/IDU1bc3557dc1f7ef140e9191dd1bcbc42955b21
    DOI
    https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-11000
    Authors
    Author Affiliation Email
    Samik Adhikari World Bank sadhikari2@worldbank.org
    Narcisse Cha’ngom World Bank nchangom@worldbank.org
    Heidi Kaila World Bank hkaila@worldbank.org
    Maheshwor Shrestha World Bank mshrestha1@worldbank.org
    Date of production

    2024-12

    Scope and coverage

    Geographic locations
    Location Code
    World WLD
    Keywords
    BLAs migration development
    Topics
    ID Topic Parent topic ID Vocabulary Vocabulary URI
    F22 International Migration F2 JEL Classifications
    J08 Labor Economics Policies J0 JEL Classifications
    O15 Economic Development: Human Resources; Human Development; Income Distribution; Migration O1 JEL Classifications

    Disclaimer

    Disclaimer

    The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/the World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.

    Access and rights

    License
    Name URI
    Modified BSD3 https://opensource.org/license/bsd-3-clause/

    Contacts

    Contacts
    Name Affiliation Email
    Maheshwor Shrestha World Bank mshrestha1@worldbank.org
    Reproducibility WBG World Bank reproducibility@worldbank.org

    Information on metadata

    Producers
    Name Abbreviation Affiliation Role
    Reproducibility WBG DIME World Bank - Development Impact Department Verification and preparation of metadata
    Date of Production

    2024-12-11

    Document version

    1

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