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Reproducibility package for Costs, cost-sharing, and cost drivers of a home visiting program: The case of PADIN in Brazil

2025
Get Reproducibility Package
Reference ID
RR_BRA_2024_78
DOI
https://doi.org/10.60572/9m8w-6d20
Author(s)
Alaka Holla, Yilin Pan
Collections
World Bank Policy Research Working Papers
Metadata
JSON
Created on
Feb 21, 2025
Last modified
Feb 21, 2025
  • Overview
  • Reproducibility Package
  • Description
  • Scope and coverage
  • Disclaimer
  • Access and rights
  • Contacts
  • Information on metadata
  • Citation

    • Overview

    Abstract

    Home visiting programs have demonstrated potential for tackling early deficits in children’s cognitive, language, motor, and social-emotional skills, but little is known about their costs or how much costs may vary across contexts. Using an ingredients-based approach for measuring all components of a program’s costs, this study employs administrative data, survey data, GIS data, and interviews to estimate costs for a state-run home visiting program implemented in municipalities in Ceará, Brazil – the Programa de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Infantil (PADIN) or Child Development Support Program. Estimates suggest that the annual cost per child of the PADIN program is BRL 1,597 in 2018 or USD 438 for 10 months of implementation. The top three cost elements are compensation for the home visitors (27 percent of total costs), compensation for state-level personnel providing technical assistance and supervision (23 percent), and compensation for municipal-level supervision (14 percent). The assembled cost data also suggest that municipalities make significant financial contributions to the program, bearing on average 38 percent of the costs of implementation. Finally, the cost data gathered for this analysis illuminate deficiencies in current administrative data used to monitor program implementation and the need for more careful and more deliberate tracking of spending. An analysis based solely on financial records of the program would have overestimated total costs by 27 percent but also completely missed costs for key resources such as the cost of municipal-level supervisory personnel borne by the municipalities. These discrepancies underscore the importance of using the ingredient-based method to capture actual resource use.

    Reproducibility Package

    Scripts
    Get Reproducibility Package
    Title
    Reproducibility package for Costs, cost-sharing, and cost drivers of a home visiting program: The case of PADIN in Brazil
    Date
    2025-02
    Dependencies
    All dependencies are stored in the renv environment in this reproducibility package.
    Notes
    Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DIME) Analytics team, World Bank.
    Source code repository
    Repository name URI
    Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank) https://reproducibility.worldbank.org
    Software
    Name
    R
    Version
    4.2

    Reproducibility

    Technology environment

    Paper exhibits were reproduced in a computer with the following specifications:
    • OS: Windows 11 Enterprise, version 21H2
    • Processor: Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 6226R CPU @ 2.90GHz, 16 Core(s)
    • Memory available: 15.7 GB
    • Software version: R 4.2
    Technology requirements

    ~5 minutes runtime
    Reproduction instructions

    To successfully replicate this package, new users should follow these steps:

    1. Download the package.
    2. Open the R project (.Rproj file).
    3. Recreate the R environment using the renv package by running:
      renv::restore()
    4. Run the 0_Master_Script file to execute the full replication process.
    • Note: The dataset required to reproduce Figure A.5 is not included, so the figure will not be generated. However, the figure is available in the output/1_Exhibits folder, allowing users to verify the version produced by the replicators.

    Data

    Datasets
    Name
    Program for the Support of Child Development Survey Data
    Note
    Source: The data was collected by the research team and provided by the collaborating government specifically for this project. It will be made publicly available through the World Bank Microdata Library. Location: data/1_De-identified/survey_data_de-identified.csv. Description: Contains responses on time use, salaries of key personnel, transportation modes, and training frequencies.
    Access policy
    Included in the package. Will be made publicly available through the World Bank Microdata Library.
    Name
    Monitoring & Evaluation (M&E) Data
    Note
    Source: The data was collected by the research team and provided by the collaborating government specifically for this project. It will be made publicly available through the World Bank Microdata Library. Location: data/1_De-identified/monitoring_and_evaluation_data_de-identified.csv. Description: Includes M&E data, such as the number of supervisors and home visitors by municipality.
    Access policy
    Included in the package. Will be made publicly available through the World Bank Microdata Library.
    Name
    State Budget Data
    Note
    Source: The data was collected by the research team and provided by the collaborating government specifically for this project. It will be made publicly available through the World Bank Microdata Library. Location: data/1_De-identified/state_budget_2018.csv. Description: Financial spreadsheets detailing PADIN personnel, training, and food costs from the state government.
    Access policy
    Included in the package. Will be made publicly available through the World Bank Microdata Library.
    Name
    Municipality Budget Data
    Note
    Source: The data was collected by the research team and provided by the collaborating government specifically for this project. It will be made publicly available through the World Bank Microdata Library. Location: data/1_De-identified/municipality_budget_de-identified.csv. Description: Monthly expenditure reports for office supplies and food from 20 municipalities.
    Access policy
    Included in the package. Will be made publicly available through the World Bank Microdata Library.
    Name
    Simulated Transportation Data
    Note
    Source: The data was produced by the research team and will be made publicly available through the World Bank Microdata Library. Location: data/1_De-identified/transportation_gps_de-identified.csv. Description: Simulated transportation profiles, including estimated travel distances and GIS-based travel times.
    Access policy
    Included in the package. Will be made publicly available through the World Bank Microdata Library.
    Name
    Online Monitoring System Data
    Note
    Source: The data was collected by the research team and provided by the collaborating government specifically for this project. It will be made publicly available through the World Bank Microdata Library. Location: data/1_De-identified/online_monitoring_de-identified.csv. Description: Records from the Online Monitoring System, including the number of supervisors, home visitors, families, children, visits, and meetings by municipality.
    Access policy
    Included in the package. Will be made publicly available through the World Bank Microdata Library.
    Name
    Municipalities Statistics Data
    Note
    Source: The data was compiled by the research team using 2018 information from the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). located at: data/1_De-identified/municipality_statistics_de-identified.csv. Source: The data was compiled by the research team using 2018 information from the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). File Location (Not Included): data/1_De-identified/municipality_statistics_de-identified.csv This file contains public information where municipalities are labeled as M1, M2, M3, consistent with the other datasets. However, since these codes could potentially be linked to other datasets containing sensitive information (such as budget data), there is a risk of re-identification. For this reason, the file is not included in the package. Variables included: Area (IBGE Territorial Areas: https://www.ibge.gov.br/en/geosciences/territorial-organization/territorial-organization/18092-territorial-areas.html?edicao=24088&t=downloads); Population Size (IBGE Population Estimates: https://www.ibge.gov.br/en/statistics/social/population/18448-estimates-of-resident-population-for-municipalities-and-federation-units.html); GDP per Capita (IBGE GDP by Municipality: https://www.ibge.gov.br/en/statistics/economic/national-accounts/19567-gross-domestic-product-of-municipalities.html?edicao=29732&t=downloads)
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available but not included in the reproducibility package. See more details in the README file.
    Data URL
    https://www.ibge.gov.br/
    Data statement

    Data is included in the reproducibility package. All data will be made available through the World Bank Microdata Library in the future.

    Description

    Output
    Type
    Working Paper
    Title
    Costs, cost-sharing, and cost drivers of a home visiting program: The case of PADIN in Brazil
    Authors
    Alaka Holla and Yilin Pan
    Description
    Policy Research Working Paper (PRWP)
    Authors
    Author Affiliation Email
    Alaka Holla World Bank aholla@worldbank.org
    Yilin Pan World Bank ypan@worldbank.org
    Date of production

    2025-02

    Scope and coverage

    Geographic locations
    Location Code
    Brazil BRA
    Keywords
    Cost home-visiting program Brazil cost-sharing ingredients method early childhood development
    Topics
    ID Topic Vocabulary
    I24 Education and Inequality JEL Classifications
    I28 Education: Government Policy JEL Classifications
    H52 National Government Expenditures and Education JEL Classifications

    Disclaimer

    Disclaimer

    The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/the World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.

    Access and rights

    License
    Name URI
    Modified BSD3 https://opensource.org/license/bsd-3-clause/

    Contacts

    Contacts
    Name Affiliation Email
    Yilin Pan World Bank ypan@worldbank.org
    Reproducibility WBG World Bank reproducibility@worldbank.org

    Information on metadata

    Producers
    Name Abbreviation Affiliation Role
    Reproducibility WBG DIME World Bank - Development Impact Department Verification and preparation of metadata
    Date of Production

    2025-02-20
    Document version

    1

    Citation

    Citation
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