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PRWP

Reproducibility package for Concentration of critical mining assets and the geoeconomic fragmentation

2025
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Reference ID
RR_WLD_2025_268
DOI
https://doi.org/10.60572/r8h0-ck98
Author(s)
Hugo Lapeyronie, Etienne Espagne, Gregor Semieniuk
Collections
World Bank Policy Research Working Papers
Metadata
JSON
Created on
Feb 25, 2025
Last modified
Apr 18, 2025
  • Overview
  • Reproducibility Package
  • Description
  • Scope and coverage
  • Disclaimer
  • Access and rights
  • Contacts
  • Information on metadata
  • Citation

    • Overview

    Abstract

    The geographical concentration of mines supplying critical minerals has recently been studied, but much less attention has been given to the concentration of ownership of mining assets. This research investigates market concentration in critical minerals production by incorporating geographical location, direct, and financial ownership structures of mining assets. Using data from Standard and Poor’s, the study reveals that while production of critical minerals is geographically concentrated in groups of countries that vary with each mineral, direct and especially equity ownership are mainly controlled by large multinational mining companies and financial institutions concentrated in leading economies. The findings emphasize the geopolitical risks posed by these concentrated ownership structures, which could affect the effectiveness of policies aimed at securing mineral supply chains for green technologies.

    Reproducibility Package

    Scripts
    Get Reproducibility Package
    Title
    Reproducibility package for Concentration of critical mining assets and the geoeconomic fragmentation
    Date
    2025-02-18
    Dependencies
    All dependencies are listed in the file environment.yml.
    Notes
    Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DIME) Analytics team, World Bank.
    Source code repository
    Repository name URI
    Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank) https://reproducibility.worldbank.org
    Software
    Name
    Python
    Version
    3.12.5

    Reproducibility

    Technology environment

    Paper exhibits were reproduced in a computer with the following specifications:
    – OS: Windows 10 Enterprise, version 22H2
    – Processor: Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 6226R CPU @ 2.90GHz 2.90 GHz (2 processors)
    – Memory available: 128 GB
    – Software version: Python 3.12.5
    Technology requirements

    Runtime: 2 hours.
    Reproduction instructions
    1. Secure Access to Data: Some data required for replication is not publicly available and needs to be purchased.
    2. Download and Place Data: Once the data is obtained, users should download it and place it in the appropriate folder.
    3. Run the Package: After placing the data in the folder:
      • (optional) Recreate the Python programming environment in conda using "environment.yml". Running the code with a different environment will still work, but the chances of full reproducibility will be higher using the same environment.
      • Run the script named "Core".

    Since some of the data is not publicly available, the package includes the code outputs in the folder "Graphs" and "Tables", which contain the replicators' results. This file can be used to review the results presented in the paper.

    Data

    Datasets
    Name
    Global Trade Alert Database
    Note
    Source: Global Trade Alert. Dataset version: 2008. Data file: "Dataset/GTA/GTA+Database+2008-latest.Rdata". This file contains the data as it was downloaded from the data URL in July 2024. As of February 2025, the site of the data URL changed and doesn't allow to download this file. Nonetheless, the data is included in the reproducibility package.
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license
    License URL
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
    Data URL
    https://www.old.globaltradealert.org/data_extraction
    Name
    United Nations General Assembly Voting Data
    Note
    Source: Harvard Dataverse. Dataset version: 32. Data file: "Dataset/Geopolitical Distance/UNVotes_new.RData". The file was accessed from the data URL on July 2024 and was renamed from "UNVotes.RData" to "UNVotes_new.RData".
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    CC0 1.0 Universal
    License URL
    https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
    Data URL
    https://dataverse.harvard.edu/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.7910/DVN/LEJUQZ&version=32.0
    Name
    Critical Minerals Policy Tracker
    Note
    Source: International Energy Agency. Data file: "Dataset/iea_policies.json". Data was accessed in July 2024. The data was obtained from the data URL and saved in a JSON file via web scraping.
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license
    License URL
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
    Data URL
    https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/critical-minerals-policy-tracker
    Name
    Trade codes of non-food, non-fuel raw materials and their products
    Note
    Source: European Commission. Data file: "Dataset/Trade codes/Trade_codes_HS.xlsx". Data was accessed in July 2024. All the data were extracted manually from the PDF file of the data URL and saved into the data file.
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license
    License URL
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
    Data URL
    https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC136041
    Name
    S&P Capital IQ Pro - Mining Database
    Note
    Source: S&P Global. Data files: all files loaded by the code from the folder "Dataset/S&P/". The data contains information on global mining projects, mining assets and reserves by country, mining companies, production by project and company, and market concentration by mining asset. Data was purchased in November 2023.
    Access policy
    There is no documented way to access the data, and it is not included in the reproducibility package.
    Data URL
    https://www.spglobal.com/marketintelligence/en/campaigns/metals-mining
    Data statement

    Some data is restricted and has not been included in the reproducibility package. For more details, please refer to the README file.

    Description

    Output
    Type
    Working Paper
    Title
    Concentration of critical mining assets and the geoeconomic fragmentation
    Description
    Policy Research Working Papers (PRWP)
    Authors
    Author Affiliation Email
    Hugo Lapeyronie World Bank and Université Paris 1 Panthéon Sorbonne hlapeyronie@worldbank.org
    Etienne Espagne World Bank and Université Clermont-Auvergne eespagne@worldbank.org
    Gregor Semieniuk World Bank and University of Massachusetts Amherst gsemieniuk@worldbank.org
    Date of production

    2025-02-18

    Scope and coverage

    Geographic locations
    Location Code
    World WLD

    Disclaimer

    Disclaimer

    The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.

    Access and rights

    License
    Name URI
    Modified BSD3 https://opensource.org/license/bsd-3-clause/

    Contacts

    Contacts
    Name Affiliation Email
    Hugo Lapeyronie World Bank and Université Paris 1 Panthéon Sorbonne hlapeyronie@worldbank.org
    Reproducibility WBG World Bank reproducibility@worldbank.org

    Information on metadata

    Producers
    Name Abbreviation Affiliation Role
    Reproducibility WBG DIME World Bank - Development Impact Department Verification and preparation of metadata
    Date of Production

    2025-02-18
    Document version

    1

    Citation

    Citation
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