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PRWP

Reproducibility package for Territorial Inequalities: A Note On State Discontinuity

2025
Get Reproducibility Package
Reference ID
RR_WLD_2025_356
Author(s)
Lidia Ceriani, Luis Felipe Lopez-Calva, Samuel David Restrepo-Oyola
Collections
World Bank Policy Research Working Papers
Metadata
JSON
Created on
Jun 02, 2025
Last modified
Jun 02, 2025
  • Overview
  • Reproducibility Package
  • Description
  • Scope and coverage
  • Disclaimer
  • Access and rights
  • Contacts
  • Information on metadata

    • Overview

    Abstract

    When the State does not reach with the same effectiveness everybody and everywhere, it creates pockets of exclusions and it hampers the opportunities of individuals belonging to the excluded groups to fully participate economically, socially, and poltically. This paper develops an index to measure State Discontinuity, defined as the uneven presence and responsiveness of the State across the territory. Different layers of capacity, service provision and responsiveness determine the density of State presence. By examining the discontinuity of the State in 32 developing countries using extensive datasets from the International Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS International) and the Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project (ACLED), the paper explores the underlying drivers of this discontinuity and identifies potential policy intervention points.

    Reproducibility Package

    Scripts
    Get Reproducibility Package
    Title
    Reproducibility package for Territorial Inequalities: A Note On State Discontinuity
    Date
    2025-05
    Dependencies
    R dependencies are listed in the file renv.lock. Stata dependencies are listed in the ado folder.
    Instructions
    See README in reproducibility package.
    Notes
    Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DIME) Analytics team, World Bank.
    Source code repository
    Repository name URI
    Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank) https://reproducibility.worldbank.org
    Software
    Name
    R
    Version
    4.4.0
    Name
    Stata
    Version
    MP 18

    Reproducibility

    Technology environment

    Paper exhibits were reproduced in a computer with the following specifications:
    • OS: Windows 10 Enterprise
    • Processor: Intel(R) Xeon(R) Gold 6226R CPU @ 2.90GHz 2.90 GHz (2 processors)
    • Memory available: 32 GB
    • Software version: Stata version 18 MP
    Technology requirements

    ~ 1 hour runtime
    Reproduction instructions
    1. Secure Access to Data: Download the datasets not included in the package. See subsection Datasets and the README for more details.
    2. Download and Place Data: Once the data is downloaded, users should place it in the appropriate folder.
    3. Run the Package: After placing the data in the folder:
      • Open the do-file "Main_dofile"
      • Update the globals in line 10 to your folder's location and run the do-file
      • Once all the Stata code finishes, open A-Note-on-State-Discontinuity-master.Rproj and run Annex_Maps.R

    Since all the data is not included, the package includes the results produced by replicators in the Results folder. These files can be used to review the results presented in the paper.

    Data

    Datasets
    Name
    IPUMS International
    Note
    Source: Minnesota Population Center. (2020). Ipums International: D020.V7.3. Integrated Public Use Microdata Series, International: Version 7.3 [dataset]. Minneapolis, MN: IPUMS, 2020. doi: 0.18128/D020.V7.3. Follow the steps in the README to access the datasets. File names: ipums_countries_final.dta; ipums_countries_controls_final.dta saved in Data/Raw. Shapefiles are saved in Data/Raw/Shapefiles.
    Access policy
    All data are publicly available, but cannot be redistributed or published. Users must follow the instructions in the README to access the data.
    License URL
    https://www.ipums.org/about/terms
    Name
    Armed Conflict Location & Event Data (ACLED)
    Note
    Source: Raleigh, C., Kishi, R. & Linke, A. Political instability patterns are obscured by conflict dataset scope conditions, sources, and coding choices. Humanit Soc Sci Commun 10, 74 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-023-01559-4. Follow the steps in the README to access the datasets. Files: Data/Raw/ACLED_2023-01-01-2023-11-07.csv
    Access policy
    All data are publicly available, but cannot be redistributed or published. Users must follow the instructions in the README to access the data.
    License URL
    https://acleddata.com/terms-of-use/
    Data URL
    https://acleddata.com/data-export-tool/
    Name
    World Bank country classification
    Note
    Source: World Development Indicators, The World Bank. Files: Data/Raw/CLASS.xlsx
    Access policy
    Included in the package.
    License URL
    https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/int/public-licenses?fragment=cc
    Data URL
    https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/int/search/dataset/0037712
    Data statement

    All data sources are publicly available but not all are included in the reproducibility package.

    Description

    Output
    Type
    World Bank Policy Research Working Papers
    Title
    Territorial Inequalities: A Note On State Discontinuity
    Description
    Policy Research Working Papers (PRWP)
    Authors
    Author Affiliation Email
    Lidia Ceriani University of Bologna lidia.ceriani@unibo.it
    Luis Felipe Lopez-Calva World Bank lflopezcalva@worldbank.org
    Samuel David Restrepo-Oyola World Bank srestrepooyola@worldbank.org
    Date of production

    2025-05

    Scope and coverage

    Geographic locations
    Location Code
    World WLD
    Keywords
    Social Contract State Effectiveness State Density Inequality Indices
    Topics
    ID Topic Parent topic ID Vocabulary Vocabulary URI
    D31 Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions D3 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)
    D63 Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement D6 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)
    I30 General I3 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)

    Disclaimer

    Disclaimer

    The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.

    Access and rights

    License
    Name URI
    Modified BSD3 https://opensource.org/license/bsd-3-clause/

    Contacts

    Contacts
    Name Affiliation Email
    Lidia Ceriani University of Bologna lidia.ceriani@unibo.it
    Reproducibility WBG World Bank reproducibility@worldbank.org

    Information on metadata

    Producers
    Name Abbreviation Affiliation Role
    Reproducibility WBG DIME World Bank - Development Impact Department Verification and preparation of metadata
    Date of Production

    2025-05-28
    Document version

    1
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