Reproducibility package for (In)Formalizing Jobs in Latin America and the Caribbean

Household Surveys Latin America and The Caribbean

Source: World Bank and CEDLAS. Located at: sedlac/. This subfolder contains all the restricted-use databases generated in the project and sourced from the SEDLAC harmonization project (World Bank and CEDLAS). The original data source is the World Bank Stata API datalibweb, for internal use only. If you are a World Bank employee, you can request access to the specific datasets listed in the README file and place them in the appropriate folder. Files location: Data/Chapter2/raw. Access date: accessed in September 2024. Files include the complete set of harmonized household surveys for Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, Uruguay, El Salvador, and Peru (2018–2022). The list of specific datasets used and the folder structure is included in the README file. Also, hashes are included in the file data_hash_report.csv for transparency purposes.

Data access requires human approval and is not included in the reproducibility package

https://datalibweb2.worldbank.org/ (only accessible to World Bank)

Doing Business Processed Dataset

Source: Maratou-Kolias et al. (2020), based on the World Bank Doing Business project. Doing Business – Employing Workers Data (Processed). Files location: Data/Chapter3/raw. Files included: WW_DB_master_PCA_MW_JOIN_yr(11.12.2019).dta Access date: September 2024. Data is not publicly available. To get access to the data, the user can contact the author Maratou-Kolias at lmmaratou-kolias1@sheffield.ac.uk.

Data access requires human approval and is not included in the reproducibility package

Taxing Wages in Latin America and the Caribbean Report Dataset

Source: Data from the report OECD/IDB/CIAT (2016), Taxing Wages in Latin America and the Caribbean 2016, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264262607-en. Files location: Excel files/Chapter 4/Taxing_wages_LAC.xls; Chapter 7/Augmented_dejure_tax.xls. Download in the link below.

Data is publicly available and included in the package

http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/888933410093

Taxing Wages 2024 Report Data

Source: OECD (2024), Taxing Wages 2024: Tax and Gender through the Lens of the Second Earner, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/dbcbac85-en. Files location: Excel files/Chapter 4/Augmented_tax_wedge.xls, Excel files/Chapter 7/Augmented_dejure_tax.xlsx. Access date: September 2024. Data was manually compiled from the reports by the authors.

Data is publicly available and included in the package

https://doi.org/10.1787/dbcbac85-en

CEPALSTAT

Source: United Nations, CEPALSTAT. Statistical Data Portal and Publications. Files location: Excel files/Chapter 8/ECLAC_PPSE.xlsx. Access date: September 20, 2024. Indicator: Public and private social expenditure (SOCX methodology), in percentages of GDP. User should follow the link below, go to the indicator and download the data in Excel format. Data should be renamed and placed in the appropriate folder.

Data is publicly available but does not allow redistribution

Copyright United Nations

https://www.cepal.org/en/c-eclac-united-nations

https://statistics.cepal.org/portal/cepalstat/dashboard.html?theme=2&lang=en

Microsimulation Datasets – Brazil, Uruguay, El Salvador, Colombia and Peru.

Source: National microsimulation tools (BraSim, BraJure, El Salvador Tool, Peru Tool, Colombia Tool, Uruguay Tool). Files location: Data/Chapter4/raw, Data/Chapter6/raw. Access date: September 2024. Data was created by the authors through hypothetical scenarios applying the de jure rules of the microsimulation tools available for Brazil, Uruguay, and El Salvador. The tools are not publicly available and there is no documented way to access the data. Please see more information in the README file.

There is no documented way to access the data, and it is not included in the reproducibility package

Social Security Information System Data

Source: Inter-American Development Bank, Labor Markets and Social Security Information System (SIMS). Files location: Excel files/Chapter8/IDB_SIMS.csv. Access date: September 19, 2024.

Data is publicly available and included in the reproduciblity package

Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial NoDerivs 3.0 IGO

https://data.iadb.org/dataset/database-of-labor-markets-and-social-security-information-system-sims

https://data.iadb.org/dataset/database-of-labor-markets-and-social-security-information-system-sims

OECD Social Expenditure Database

Source: OECD. OECD Social Expenditure Database. Files location: Files location: Excel files/Chapter8/OECD_SEAD.xlsx. Access date: September 20, 2024.

Data is publicly available and included in the reproduciblity package

OECD Terms & Conditions

https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html

https://www.oecd.org/en/data/datasets/social-expenditure-database-socx.html

World Population Prospects

Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2024). World Population Prospects 2024, Online Edition. Files location: Excel files/Chapter8/UN_WPP.xlsx/ Access date: September 20, 2024. File POP/06-1: Percentage of total population by select age group, region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100. Estimates, 1950-2023.

Data is publicly available and included in the reproduciblity package

Creative Commons license CC BY 3.0 IGO

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/

https://population.un.org/wpp/downloads?folder=Standard%20Projections&group=Most%20used

Education Finance Watch

Source: UNESCO, World Bank, GEM Report, and UIS. Education Finance Watch Database. Data from the report 2024 Education Finance Watch. https://doi.org/10.54676/NSCT2115. Files location: Excel files/Chapter8/Edu_finance_watch.xlsx. Access date: September 20, 2024. Direct download in the link below.

Data is publicly available and included in the reproduciblity package

CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO

https://world-education-blog.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/EFW2024_Data_1021.zip

Global Health Expenditure Database

Source: Global Health Expenditure Database. Fiels location: Excel files/Chapter8/WHO_GHED.xlsx. Access date: September 21, 2024.

Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package

https://apps.who.int/nha/database/Select/Indicators/en

ILOSTAT

Source: International Labour Organization (ILO), ILOSTAT Data Explorer. File Location: Data/Chapter 2/raw/Informal economy/ILO MEASURE OF INFORMALITY cleaned.dta Description and Variables: This dataset corresponds to SDG Indicator 8.3.1: Proportion of informal employment in total employment by sex and sector. The authors used this dataset to generate the cleaned file above. They applied the following filters: Sex = Total; Economic sector = Total (broad sector); Years = 1999–2023. They selected the variables: ccode (ISO Alpha-3 country code); year; inf_ilo (proportion of informal employment). In addition, they created a variable for the natural logarithm of inf_ilo, stored as ln_inf_ilo. Access date: September 2024. The data is publicly available via the ILOSTAT dashboard (linked below). The values used by the authors generally align with the public data; however, since the ILO continuously updates its database, the publicly available series is not identical to the version used in this package. To ensure reproducibility, the dataset used by the authors is included in the package. If downloading the same data directly from ILOSTAT, expect some differences due to updates.

Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package

https://rshiny.ilo.org/dataexplorer12/?lang=en&segment=indicator&id=SDG_0831_SEX_ECO_RT_A

Informal Economy Database

Source: Elgin, C., M. A. Kose, F. Ohnsorge, and S. Yu. 2021. Understanding Informality. CERP Discussion Paper 16497, Centre for Economic Policy Research, London. File Location: Chapter 2/raw/Informal economy/informal-economy-database-with-fixes.dta; INFORMALITY DATA SET.dta. Access Date: September 2024. Details: This dataset comes from two sources related to the Understanding Informality paper. Informal Economy Database (with fixes): The original data was downloaded in Excel format from the public link provided by the authors. Two specific sheets were used: DGE_p; MIMIC_p; These were converted into a Stata .dta file containing the following variables: economy – Country name; ccode – ISO Alpha-3 country code; dge_paverage_1993_2019 – DGE measure of informality (average for 1993–2019); mimic_paverage_1993_2019 – MIMIC measure of informality (average for 1993–2019); var4 and var5 – Duplicates of economy and ccode (included in the original file). The replicators manually reviewed some of the values to ensure accuracy and confirmed that they match the original Excel source. The second file, UNDERSTANDING INFORMALITY DATA SET.dta, was provided directly by one of the authors of the cited publication, Shu Yu (syu2@worldbank.org). This file is not publicly available but is included in the reproducibility package for verification purposes.

Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0)

https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/legal/terms-of-use-for-datasets

https://www.worldbank.org/en/research/brief/informal-economy-database

Luxembourg Income Study Database (LIS)

Source: Luxembourg Income Study Database (LIS) Date Accessed: September 2024 File Location: Chapter 2/raw/Informal economy/LIS SELF EMPLOYMENT.dta The dataset is available through the LIS portal, but users must first create an account and request access. Once access is granted, users can download the relevant self-employment variable for the defined countries and years. The final dataset includes four variables: ccode: ISO Alpha-3 country code. year: Year of the data (covering 1967–2022). self_emp_LIS: Self-employment rate. lself_emp_LIS: Natural logarithm of the previous variable. This dataset covers the following countries: AUS, AUT, BEL, BRA, CAN, CHE, CHL, CHN, CIV, COL, CZE, DEU, DNK, DOM, EGY, ESP, EST, FIN, FRA, GBR, GEO, GRC, GTM, HUN, IND, IRL, ISL, ISR, ITA, JPN, LTU, LUX, MEX, MLI, NLD, NOR, PAN, PER, POL, PRY, PSE, ROU, RUS, SRB, SVK, SVN, SWE, TWN, URY, USA, VNM, ZAF.

Data is publicly available, but does not allow redistribution

https://www.lisdatacenter.org/about-lis/terms-of-use/

https://www.lisdatacenter.org/our-data/lis-database/

Annual Labour Force Surveys

Source: OECD Data Explorer, Annual labour force survey, summary tables. File location: Chapter 2/raw/Informal economy/OECD SELF EMPLOYMENT RATES.dta. Access date: September 2024. The authors created this file using data downloaded from the OECD Data Explorer (link below). The dataset includes the following variables: year (1951–2022); ccode (ISO Alpha-3 country code); inf_oecd (OECD self-employment rate indicator).

Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package

https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html

https://www.oecd.org/en/data/indicators/self-employment-rate.html?oecdcontrol-d7f68dbeee-var3=2021

The Quality of Government Standard Dataset

Source: The QoG Standard dataset. Teorell, Jan, Aksel Sundström, Sören Holmberg, Bo Rothstein, Natalia Alvarado Pachon, Cem Mert Dalli, Rafael Lopez Valverde, Victor Saidi Phiri & Lauren Gerber. 2023. The Quality of Government Standard Dataset, version Jan23. University of Gothenburg: The Quality of Government Institute. File location: Chapter 2/raw/Informal economy/qog_std_ts_jan23_stata14.dta. Access date: 2024. To access the data, follow the link below and select the Stata, time series version (January 2023) download option. The replicators reviewed whether the publicly available file matched the file provided by the authors. In most cases, both files (public and package) matched exactly. However, some values differ, likely due to periodic updates to the dataset. Importantly, the variables with significant differences are not used in the analysis. The full report on these differences is included in the package under detailed_value_diffs, allowing users to compare values directly. In addition, the file comparison_report provides a broader comparison overview.

Data is publicly available, but does not allow redistribution

The QoF License

https://www.gu.se/en/quality-government/qog-data/data-downloads/standard-dataset

https://www.gu.se/en/quality-government/qog-data/data-downloads/data-archive#accordion=5690fc4e-c905-46c5-b67b-11a88f2af390

World Development Indicators

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators. Files location: Chapter 2/raw/Informal economy/value added_Extract_From_World_Development_Indicators.dta; working age population wdi.dta. Variables consulted: World Development Indicators 2023 (Gross value added at basic prices (GVA) (constant 2015 US$) & Gross value added at basic prices (GVA) (current US$)), Population 15-64 (total, % of population). Access date: September 2024.

Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0)

https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/public-licenses#cc-by

https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.FCST.KD?locations=AW-AF

World Bank Country and Lending Groups

Source: World Bank. Files location: Chapter 2/raw/Informal economy/wb classification of economies.dta. Access date: September 2024.

Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0)

https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/public-licenses#cc-by

https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups

Worldwide Governance Indicators

Source: World Bank. Files location: Chapter 2/raw/Informal economy/wdi_governance.dta. Access date: September 2024. Dataset was downloaded from the following link and then a reshape by indicator was done to the data.

Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0)

https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/public-licenses#cc-by

https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/worldwide-governance-indicators

WJP Rule of Law Index

Source: World Justice Project. File location: Chapter 2/raw/Informal economy/WJP HISTORICAL DATA cleaned.dta. Access date: September 2024. The data was downloaded from the WJP link, reshaped, and consolidated into a single dataset containing a subset of variables.

Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package

https://worldjusticeproject.org/rule-of-law-index/global/2024/Regulatory%20Enforcement/historical

World Values Survey and Latinobarómetro – Tax Cheating Perceptions Data

Source: World Values Survey Association and Latinobarómetro Corporation. File Location: Chapter 2/raw/Informal economy/wvs final.dta Access Date: September 2024 The dataset was constructed by the authors using publicly available microdata from the World Values Survey and Latinobarómetro. It includes a single derived variable: cheating_on_taxes, which measures perceptions of whether cheating on taxes is justifiable.

Data is included in the reproducibility package

World Values Survey (WVS): https://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSContents.jsp Latinobarómetro: https://www.latinobarometro.org/latContents.jsp?Idioma=0&CMSID=Datos

Doing Business 2005–2019

Source: World Bank. Files location: Chapter 2/raw/Informal economy/epl indices.dta. Access date: September 2023. Original data is downloaded from the link below (Doing Business 2005–2019). The variable was produced as a special request by the team, following the methodology of Packard and Montenegro (2017), and constructed using principal component analysis. The resulting dataset is included in the reproducibility package.

Data is included in the reproducibility package

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0)

https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/public-licenses#cc-by

https://archive.doingbusiness.org/en/data

International Income Distribution Database (I2D2)

Source: World Bank – International Income Distribution Database (I2D2), now replaced by the Global Monitoring Database (GMD) and Global Labor Database (GLD). These databases are internal World Bank resources and not publicly downloadable. Files location: Chapter 2/raw/Informal economy/house ownership.dta, i2d2_ilo_inf.dta, inf_i2d2_selfemp.dta. These datasets were constructed by the team using harmonized microdata from I2D2/GLD. They include indicators on: Informality (fimsize) – total informal employment Self-employment (selfemp) – proportion of self-employed workers Home ownership (ownhouse) – proportion of households owning their home Each dataset also includes log-transformed variables for modeling: linf_i2d2_fimsize; linf_i2d2_selfemp; lownhouse. The data cover a wide range of countries and years: i2d2_ilo_inf.dta – 1974–2019; inf_i2d2_selfemp.dta – 1974–2021; house ownership.dta – 1960–2021. A detailed list of countries included in each dataset is provided in the README file in the reproducibility package.

Data is no longer available and is not included in the reproducibility package. More information can be found in the README file.

https://github.com/worldbank/gld/tree/main

Minimum Wage Data

Source: This dataset was created by the team using information from the International Labour Organization (ILO) minimum wage database. The data were harmonized in purchasing power parity (PPP) dollars. Date Created: September 2024. File Location: Chapter 2/raw/Informal economy/minimum wage cleaned.dta

Data is included in the package

https://ilostat.ilo.org/topics/wages/

Social Security Contributions Data

Source: Constructed by the team with information from national sources on social security contributions. File Location: Chapter 2/raw/Informal economy/social insurance tax 2006-2015 FINAL.dta. Date created: September 2024. Variables: Variables included: ccode: ISO Alpha-3 country code; year: Year of observation (2006–2015); oads_ins: Social security contributions paid by insured individuals (other administrative datasets); oads_emp: Social security contributions paid by employers (other administrative datasets); oads_tot: Total social security contributions (insured + employer) (other administrative datasets); ossp_ins: Social security contributions paid by insured individuals (official social security programs); ossp_emp: Social security contributions paid by employers (official social security programs); ossp_tot: Total social security contributions (insured + employer) (official social security programs); lossp_tot: Log-transformed total social security contributions (official social security programs).

There is no documented way to access the data, and it is not included in the reproducibility package