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PRWP

Reproducibility package for The Impact Of Trade Promotion Organisations On Exports: Evidence From The Covid-19 Pandemic

2025
Get Reproducibility Package
Reference ID
RR_WLD_2025_388
DOI
https://doi.org/10.60572/raj9-tm27
Author(s)
Arti Grover, Ana Margarida Fernandes, Leonardo Iacovone, Marcelo Olarreaga, Yewon Choi
Collections
World Bank Policy Research Working Papers
Metadata
JSON
Created on
Oct 08, 2025
Last modified
Oct 08, 2025
  • Overview
  • Reproducibility Package
  • Description
  • Scope and coverage
  • Disclaimer
  • Access and rights
  • Contacts
  • Information on metadata
  • Citation

    • Overview

    Abstract

    This paper examines the impact of Trade Promotion Organisations (TPOs) on exports during the COVID-19 pandemic using a World Bank survey. Results suggest that increased TPO budgets significantly boosted exports during downturns but had no effect during the recovery phase. Interestingly, e-commerce programs adopted by TPOs negatively affected exports during downturns as they diverted resources away from productive support, especially for sectors not intensive in online trade. These findings suggest that counter-cyclical TPO budgets may enhance trade resilience during similar global shocks.

    Reproducibility Package

    Scripts
    Get Reproducibility Package
    File name
    RR_WLD_2025_388
    Zip package
    RR_WLD_2025_388.zip
    Title
    Reproducibility package for The Impact Of Trade Promotion Organisations On Exports: Evidence From The Covid-19 Pandemic
    Date
    2025-10
    Dependencies
    Stata dependencies are listed in the ado folder.
    Instructions
    See README in reproducibility package.
    Notes
    Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.
    Source code repository
    Repository name URI
    Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank) https://reproducibility.worldbank.org
    Software
    Name
    Stata
    Version
    18 MP
    Name
    R
    Version
    4.4.0

    Reproducibility

    Technology environment

    Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:
    • OS: Windows 11 Enterprise
    • Processor: INTEL(R) XEON(R) PLATINUM 8562Y+ 2.80 GHz (4 processors)
    • Memory available: 32.0 GB
    Technology requirements

    Run time: ~ 1 day
    Reproduction instructions
    1. Secure Access to Data: Access the datasets not included in the package. See subsection Datasets and the README for more details.
    2. Download and Place Data: Once the data is accessed, users should place it in the appropriate folder.
    3. Run the Package: After placing the data in the folder, run the files in the order:
      • Update the global in line 23 of the do-file "WB_Dofile_TradeTask" to your folder's location and run the do-file.
      • Open the R project "ecommerce" and run the script "prepare different HS code classifications_short".
      • Update the global in line 3 of the do-file "ecommerce-HS" to your folder's location and run the do-file.
      • Update the global in line 10 of the do-file "profile" to your folder's location and run the do-file.

    Since all the data is not included, the package includes the results produced by replicators in the Results folder. These files can be used to review the results presented in the paper.

    Data

    Datasets
    Name
    Monthly Imports Data
    Note
    Source: Monthly import data were obtained from the World Bank DIANA Trade Platform, which compiles data from official sources — the China Customs Agency (china_hs6.dta, 2018–2021), Japan Customs Agency (japan_hs6.dta, 2017–2022), Eurostat (eu_XXX_hs6.dta, 2018–2022), and the U.S. International Trade Commission (us_hs6.dta, 2017–2022). The data is managed by Siddhesh Kaushik (skaushik@worldbank.org). The file origins_drop.dta was compiled by the authors to identify countries excluded from the analysis. File location: raw/trade_data/raw_data
    Access policy
    Data is restricted and not included in the package. Please contact the person above to access the data.
    Name
    Classifications on economic statistics
    Note
    Source: United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) Classifications Database. It provides conversion and correlation mappings across HS 6-digit codes from the 2002, 2007, 2012, and 2017 revisions. File location: raw/ecommerce/HS2017toHS2002ConversionAndCorrelationTables.xlsx
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    Data URL
    https://unstats.un.org/unsd/classifications/Econ
    Name
    List of Products Authorized for Retail Import
    Note
    Source: Ma, S., Guo, X., & Zhang, H. (2021). New driving force for China’s import growth: Assessing the role of cross-border e-commerce. The World Economy, 44, 3674–3706. https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.13168. Data contains HS 6-digit product codes allowed for e-commerce trade in China. The data are available from the authors of the paper; please contact Hongsheng Zhang (hzhang30@163.com) to request access. File location: raw\ecommerce\List of Products Authorized for Retail Import via China’s Cross Border E-commerce.xlsx
    Access policy
    Data is restricted and not included in the package. Please contact the person above to access the data.
    Name
    World Bank Importer Dynamics Dataset
    Note
    Source: Fernandes, A., Freund, C. and M. Pierola (2016). “Exporter Behavior, Country Size and Stage of Development: Evidence from the Exporter Dynamics Database” Journal of Development Economics vol. 119, pp. 121-137. Data managed by Ana Fernandes (afernandes@worldbank.org). File location: interm/TPOorigins_IMP_monthly.dta
    Access policy
    Data is restricted and not included in the package. Please contact the person above to access the data.
    Name
    Survey of Trade Promotion Organizations (TPOs)
    Note
    Source: World Bank. The survey captures information on TPOs’ COVID-19 recovery plans, target exporter types and sizes, and the use of virtual tools related to e-commerce. Data will be available for countries that authorize sharing through a non-disclosure agreement (NDA) with the World Bank. For access requests, please contact Ana Fernandes (afernandes@worldbank.org). Data collected in 2021–2022. Files: plancov19.dta, type_exporter.dta, firm_size.dta, and virtual.dta in interm folder
    Access policy
    Data is forthcoming in the World Bank Microdata Library.
    Name
    Budget Survey of Trade Promotion Organizations (TPOs)
    Note
    Source: World Bank. The dataset contains budget information for each Trade Promotion Organization (TPO) by country, collected through the World Bank’s 2021–2022 Survey of Trade Promotion Organizations. Data are confidential and will be available only for countries that authorize sharing through a non-disclosure agreement (NDA) with the World Bank. For access requests, please contact Ana Fernandes (afernandes@worldbank.org). Data collected in 2021–2022. Files: interm/tpo_budget.dta
    Access policy
    Data is restricted and not included in the package. Please contact the person above to access the data.
    Data statement

    Some data is restricted and has not been included in the reproducibility package. For more details, please refer to the README file.

    Description

    Output
    Type
    Working Paper
    Title
    The Impact Of Trade Promotion Organisations On Exports: Evidence From The Covid-19 Pandemic
    Description
    Policy Research Working Papers (PRWP)
    Authors
    Author Affiliation Email
    Arti Grover IFC agrover1@ifc.org
    Ana Margarida Fernandes World Bank afernandes@worldbank.org
    Leonardo Iacovone World Bank liacovone@worldbank.org
    Marcelo Olarreaga University of Geneva Marcelo.Olarreaga@unige.ch
    Yewon Choi World Bank ychoi10@worldbank.org
    Date of production

    2025-10-07

    Scope and coverage

    Geographic locations
    Location Code
    World WLD
    Keywords
    Trade Promotion Organizations Exports Covid Pandemic
    Topics
    ID Topic Parent topic ID Vocabulary Vocabulary URI
    F13 Trade Policy • International Trade Organizations F1 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)
    F14 Empirical Studies of Trade F1 Journal of Economic Literature (JEL)

    Disclaimer

    Disclaimer

    The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.

    Access and rights

    License
    Name URI
    Modified BSD3 https://opensource.org/license/bsd-3-clause/

    Contacts

    Contacts
    Name Affiliation Email
    Arti Grover IFC agrover1@ifc.org
    Yewon Choi World Bank ychoi10@worldbank.org
    Reproducibility WBG World Bank reproducibility@worldbank.org

    Information on metadata

    Producers
    Name Abbreviation Affiliation Role
    Reproducibility WBG DECDI World Bank - Development Impact Department Verification and preparation of metadata
    Date of Production

    2025-10-07
    Document version

    1

    Citation

    Citation
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