Reproducibility package for World Development Report 2025 - Standards For Development
Created on
Oct 30, 2025
Last modified
Dec 11, 2025
Overview
Abstract
Standards make everyday life run smoothly. You rarely notice them: the credit card that works in any corner of the world, the Wi-Fi signal that connects a remote village to the cloud, or the vaccine vial that fits syringes from Dakar to Delhi. When standards work, they build trust. They free people and firms to focus on creating, trading, and innovating, confident that the systems around them will hold. When standards fail, the effects are immediate and draining. Payments are declined, signals drop, vaccines spoil—and instead of being productive, people spend their energy just meeting their basic needs.
Standards, in short, are the hidden infrastructure of modern economies—and they have never been more important. Developing countries today must contend with a thicket of increasingly stringent international standards, a product of globalization and rapid technological change. Using standards—and shaping them—is now a prerequisite for export growth, technology diffusion, and the efficient delivery of public services. Yet standards are too often overlooked by policy makers, especially in developing countries.
World Development Report 2025 provides the most comprehensive assessment of the global landscape of standards today and how they can be used to accelerate economic development. It offers a practical framework for countries at all stages of development. Countries at the earliest stage should adapt international standards to suit local conditions when needed, whereas at more advanced stages, they should aim to align domestic markets with international standards. Meanwhile, all countries should author international standards in priority areas.
Reproducibility Package
Scripts
File name
FR_WLD_2025_460
Zip package
FR_WLD_2025_460.zip
Title
Reproducibility package for World Development Report 2025 - Standards For Development
Date
2025-10
Dependencies
R dependencies are listed in the file renv.lock. Stata dependencies are listed in the ado folder.
Instructions
See README in reproducibility package.
Notes
Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.
Source code repository
| Repository name | URI |
|---|---|
| Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank) | https://reproducibility.worldbank.org |
Reproducibility
Technology environment
Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:
• OS: Windows 11 Enterprise
• Processor: Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-1145G7 CPU @ 2.60GHz
• Memory available: 15.7 GB
Technology requirements
Runtime: ~5 hours.
Reproduction instructions
To reproduce all results in this report, please follow the steps below.
The report is organized into 12 standalone chapters, each functioning as an individual reproducibility package with its own README, data folder, and code folder.
1. Chapter Structure
Each of the 12 chapters has:
- Its own folder
- A dedicated
READMEwith instructions - A self-contained data folder
- Its own code (either R, Stata, or both)
To reproduce a chapter:
- Open the chapter folder
- Read the chapter-specific
README - Follow the instructions and run the code for that chapter
2. Chapters Using R
For all R-based chapters, each folder includes an .Rproj file that automatically sets the correct working directory.
To reproduce these chapters:
- Open the
.Rprojfile - Restore the environment using:
renv::restore()and follow the prompts. - Run the R script listed in that chapter’s
README
R-based chapters include: Overview; Chapter 1; Chapter 4 (second half); Chapter 5; Chapter 6; Chapter 7; Chapter 8.
3. Chapters Using Stata
For Stata-based chapters:
- Open the main do-file for that chapter
- Update the path at the top of the script
- Run the code from start to finish
Stata-based chapters include: Chapter 3; Chapter 4 (first half).
4. Chapters Using Both R and Stata
Spotlight chapters 2, 3, and 4 require both Stata and R.
To reproduce these:
- Run the Stata section first
- Then open the
.Rprojincluded in that chapter - Restore the R environment using:
renv::restore(). - Run the R script as described in the chapter
README.
5. Additional Notes
- Each chapter functions as an independent reproducible package, and the chapter-level
READMEfiles contain all necessary details. - A general README is included at the top level. It explains:
- The folder structure
- The relationships between chapters
- All datasets used in the full report
- Some datasets are restricted-access. For these cases, the package includes the replicators’ results, which users may use to verify the figures and tables in the report. Most chapters will run in full (after obtaining the accessible datasets), with the exception of Chapter 3, Chapter 4 (second half), Chapter 5, Spotlight 2, and Spotlight 3, where the absence of restricted data will prevent the code from executing.
Data
Datasets
Name
Air Quality Life Index
Note
Files location: 0 - Overview/1-Data/aqli_global.csv;
Chapter 6 - Standards for a Better Environment/1-data-raw/Map6.1-aqli_table_data_global_2022_who.xlsx.
Access policy
Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package
Data URL
https://aqli.epic.uchicago.edu/indexMap?selectedRegion=null&years=%5B2023%5D&typeDataStandard=%22who%22
Citation
Energy Policy Institute at the University of Chicago. (2022). "Air Quality Index [dataset]," https://aqli.epic.uchicago.edu/indexMap?selectedRegion=null&years=%5B2023%5D&typeDataStandard=%22who%22.
Name
Country Codes Data
Note
Source: The World Bank, World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS). Files location: 0 - Overview/1-Data/country_code.xlsx
Access policy
Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package
Data URL
https://wits.worldbank.org/wits/wits/witshelp/content/codes/country_codes.htm
Citation
The World Bank, World Integrated Trade Solution. 2010. "Country Codes [dataset]," https://wits.worldbank.org/wits/wits/witshelp/content/codes/country_codes.htm.
Name
Open Air Quality Data
Note
Numbers are used to construct Figure O.6 (see p.2).
Access policy
Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package
Data URL
https://epic.uchicago.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2025/06/The-Case-for-Closing-Air-Quality-Gaps-with-Local-Actors.pdf
Citation
Hasenkopf, Christa; Sharma, Nishka; Kazi, Farah; Mukerjee, Polash; Greenstone, Michael. (2023). "The Case for Closing Global Air Quality Data Gaps with Local Actors". Energy Policy Institute, University of Chicago. https://epic.uchicago.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2025/06/The-Case-for-Closing-Air-Quality-Gaps-with-Local-Actors.pdf
Name
Adoption of the Decimal Metric System of Weights and Measures by Country
Note
Files location: Chapter 1 - History of Standards/1 - Data/adoptionofmetricsystem.xlsx.
Access policy
Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package
Data URL
https://usma.org/adoption-of-the-decimal-metric-system-of-weights-and-measures-by-country
Citation
Vera, Hector. (2011). The Social Life of Measures: Metrication in the United States and Mexico, 1789–2004. PhD Dissertation, New School for Social Research, pp. 494–497. https://usma.org/adoption-of-the-decimal-metric-system-of-weights-and-measures-by-country
Name
Oil Tanker Spill Statistics 2024
Note
Source: ITOPF (2025), processed by Our World in Data. Files location: Chapter 1 - History of Standards/1 - Data/oil_spills_by_decade_final_data.xlsx
Access policy
Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package
License
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0)
License URL
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en
Data URL
https://archive.ourworldindata.org/20250624-125417/grapher/quantity-oil-spills-decadal-average.html
Citation
International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation (ITOPF), accessed through Our World in Data. (2025). "Oil Tanker Spill Statistics 2024 [dataset]," https://archive.ourworldindata.org/20250624-125417/grapher/quantity-oil-spills-decadal-average.html.
Name
World Development Indicators
Note
Files location:
Spotlight 2 - International SDOs/1 - Data/Raw/CLASS.xlsx;
Chapter 3 - NQI/1 - Data/Raw/API_NY.GDP.PCAP.CD_DS2_en_excel_v2_19409.xls;
Chapter 3 - NQI/1 - Data/Raw/API_NE.EXP.GNFS.CD_DS2_en_excel_v2_811132.xls
Chapter 4 - Standards for a Better Economy/First_Half/1 - Data/Raw/GDP_per_capita.dta;
Chapter 4 - Standards for a Better Economy/Second_Half/Raw/CLASS.xlsx;
Chapter 4 - Standards for a Better Economy/First_Half/1 - Data/Raw/WB_GDP_per_capita_Data.csv;
Chapter 4 - Standards for a Better Economy/Second_Half/Raw/WDI_Country_data June 6 2025.rds;
Spotlight 4 - Standards in Finance/CLASS_2025_07_02.xlsx;
Chapter 5 - Standards for a Better Human Capital/API_NY.GDP.PCAP.CD_DS2_en_excel_v2_19409.xls;
Chapter 6 - Standards for a Better Environment/1-Data/PM25airpollutionmeanannual.csv;
Chapter 6 - Standards for a Better Environment/1-Data/GDP_per_capital_2015value.xls;
Chapter 6 - Standards for a Better Environment/1-Data/WB_income_classfication.xlsx;
Chapter 6 - Standards for a Better Environment/1-Data/OGHIST_2025_07_01.csv;
Chapter 6 - Standards for a Better Environment/1-Data/PM25airpollutionmeanannual.csv;
Chapter 7 - wdr2025gov/data-raw/input/wdi/P_Data_Extract_From_World_Development_Indicators.zip;
Chapter 7 - wdr2025gov/data-raw/input/wdi/P_Data_Extract_From_World_Development_Indicators.zip;
Chapter 7 - wdr2025gov/data-raw/input/wdi/04-wdi.R.
Direct download links are included in the README for the particular chapter.
Access policy
Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package
License
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0)
License URL
https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/legal/terms-of-use-for-datasets
Data URL
https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators
Citation
World Bank. 2025. "World Development Indicators [dataset]," https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators
Name
International Standards Database
Note
Files location: Spotlight 2 - International SDOs/1 - Data/Raw/iso_standards.sqlite
Access policy
Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package
Data URL
https://solveig.shinyapps.io/standat/
Citation
Bjørkholt, S. (2025). Presenting the StanDat database on international standards: improving data accessibility on marginal topics. Political Science Research and Methods, 1–19. doi:10.1017/psrm.2025.3
Name
Product Complexity Index
Note
Files location: Spotlight 2 - International SDOs/1 - Data/Raw/Data-PCI.csv. To download the data the user should go to the link and select variables: 2022, 2023, HS4, HS4 ID.
Access policy
Data is publicly available but does not allow redistribution, and it is not included in the reproducibility package
License
OEC Terms and Conditions
License URL
https://oec.world/en/resources/terms
Data URL
https://oec.world/en/rankings/pci/hs4/hs92?tab=ranking
Citation
Simoes, A. J. G., & Hidalgo, C. A. (2011). The Economic Complexity Observatory: An analytical tool for understanding the dynamics of economic development. AAAI Workshops.
Name
Global Quality Infrastructure Index
Note
Files location: Chapter 3 - NQI/1 - Data/Raw/GQII2023.xlsx;
Chapter 4 - Standards for a Better Economy/First_Half/1 - Data/Raw/gqii2023_public_dataset_v2.xlsx; quality index data.dta.
Access policy
Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package
License
Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License
License URL
https://gqii.org/rankings/data-sources-and-permissions/
Data URL
https://gqii.org/gqii-2023
Citation
Global Quality Infrastructure Index (GQII) Program. 2023. "Global Quality Infrastructure Index [dataset]," https://gqii.org/gqii-2023/.
Name
Essential Medicines Database
Note
Files location: Chapter 5 - Standards for a Better Human Capital/1 - Data/Raw/GlobalEssentialMedicinesDatabase.xlsx.
Access policy
Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package
License
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0)
License URL
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Data URL
https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/GlobalEssentialMedicinesDatabase_xlsx/7814246/1?file=14541080
Citation
Persaud, Nav; Jiang, Maggie; Shaikh, Roha; Bali, Anjli; Oronsaye, Efosa; Woods, Hannah; et al. (2019). GlobalEssentialMedicinesDatabase.xlsx. figshare. Dataset. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.7814246.v1. Access date: 22-May-2025.
Name
State and Trends of Carbon Pricing
Note
Files location: Chapter 6 - Standards for a Better Environment/1-Data/Carbon coverage.xlsx.
Contains annual data on global emissions coverage by income group from 1990 to 2025. Extracted from the Carbon Pricing Dashboard’s compliance coverage section. Accessed in 2025.
Access policy
Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package
License
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0)
Data URL
https://carbonpricingdashboard.worldbank.org/compliance/coverage
Citation
World Bank (2025). State and Trends of Carbon Pricing Dashboard [dataset]," https://carbonpricingdashboard.worldbank.org/compliance/coverage.
Name
The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset
Note
Files location: Chapter 6 - Standards for a Better Environment/1-Data/consumption-co2-per-capita.csv.
Indicator: CO₂ consumption per capita
Access policy
Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package
License
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0)
License URL
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Data URL
https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/consumption-co2-per-capita
Citation
Andrew, R. M., & Peters, G. P. (2024). The Global Carbon Project's fossil CO2 emissions dataset (2024v17) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13981696
Name
Worldwide Governance Indicators
Note
Indicator used: Government Effectiveness. Files location: Chapter 6 - Standards for a Better Environment/1-Data/wgidataset.xlsx.
Access policy
Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package
License
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0)
License URL
https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/legal/terms-of-use-for-datasets
Data URL
https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/worldwide-governance-indicators
Citation
World Bank. 2024 Update. "Worldwide Governance Indicators [dataset]," www.govindicators.org.
Name
United Nations Economic Classifications
Note
Files location: Chapter 4 - Standards for a Better Economy/First_Half/Raw/ISIC4_ISIC31.txt (https://unstats.un.org/unsd/classifications/Econ/tables/ISIC/ISIC4_ISIC31/ISIC4_ISIC31.txt);
ISIC31_ISIC4.txt (https://unstats.un.org/unsd/classifications/Econ/tables/ISIC/ISIC31_ISIC4/ISIC31_ISIC4.txt). Users can follow the links, download the files as .txt, and save them in the appropriate folder.
Access policy
Data is publicly available, but does not allow redistribution and is not included in the reproducibility package
License
Terms and conditions of use of United Nations websites
License URL
https://www.un.org/en/about-us/terms-of-use
Data URL
https://unstats.un.org/unsd/classifications/Econ
Citation
United Nations. 2025. United Nations Economic Classifications. [dataset]. https://unstats.un.org/unsd/classifications/Econ
Name
World Economic Outlook database: April 2024
Note
Files location: Chapter 4 - Standards for a Better Economy/First_Half/Raw/WEOApr2024all.xls.
Access policy
Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package
License
Use of IMF Data
License URL
https://www.imf.org/en/about/copyright-and-terms
Data URL
https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/weo-database/2024/april/download-entire-database
Citation
IMF. 2024. World Economic Outlook, April 2024. Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund. https://www.imf.org/en/publications/weo/weo-database/2024/april
Name
EORA 26
Note
Files location: Chapter 4 - Standards for a Better Economy/First_Half/Raw/EORA/. The full list of datasets used is included in the file data_hash_report.csv.
To obtain access to the EORA 26 dataset, users should visit the link below, create an account, and select the appropriate license type (either an academic license or a trial license). After obtaining access, they should download the ZIP files for the year 2022. Access date: June 2025.
Access policy
Data is accessible, but does not allow redistribution and is not included in the reproducibility package
License URL
https://worldmrio.com/licensing.jsp
Data URL
https://worldmrio.com/eora26/
Citation
Lenzen, M., Moran, D., Kanemoto, K., & Geschke, A. (2013). Building EORA: A Global Multi-Region Input-Output Database at High Country and Sector Resolution. Economic Systems Research, 25(1), 20–49. doi:10.1080/09535314.2013.769938
Name
World Bank Country and Lending Groups
Note
Files location:
Chapter 6 - Standards for a Better Environment/1-Data/OGHIST_2025_07_01.csv;
Chapter 4 - Standards for a Better Economy/Raw/WB_Classification_FY2025.xlsx;
Chapter 4 - Standards for a Better Economy/Raw/Income groups.dta;
Chapter 6 - Standards for a Better Environment/1-data-raw/WB_income_classfication.xlsx;
Chapter 7 - wdr2025gov/data-raw/source/15-enterprise_surveys.R.
Accessed 2025.
Access policy
Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package
License
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0)
License URL
https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/legal/terms-of-use-for-datasets
Data URL
https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups
Citation
World Bank. (2025). Country and Lending Group Classifications (FY2025 and historical) [dataset]". https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups
Name
DynQual v1.0: a high-resolution global surface water quality model
Note
Files location: Chapter 6 - Standards for a Better Environment/1-Data/pathogen_annualAvg_1980_2019.nc.
Access policy
Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package
License
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0)
License URL
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Data URL
https://zenodo.org/records/14673871/files/pathogen_annualAvg_1980_2019.nc?download=1
Citation
Jones, E. R., Bierkens, M. F. P., Wanders, N., Sutanudjaja, E. H., van Beek, L. P. H., & van Vliet, M. T. H. (2023). DynQual v1.0: a high-resolution global surface water quality model. Geoscientific Model Development, 16, 4481–4500. https://gmd.copernicus.org/articles/16/4481/2023/
Name
World Bank Enterprise Survey Data (WBES)
Note
Files location: Chapter 4 - Standards for a Better Economy/First_Half/1 - Data/Raw/New_Comprehensive_March_31_2025.dta;
Chapter 4 - Standards for a Better Economy/First Half/1 - Data/Raw/New_Comprehensive_February_3_2025.dta;
Chapter 4 - Standards for a Better Economy/First Half/1 - Data/Raw/ES-Indicators-Database-Global-Methodology_February_3_2025.dta;
Chapter 4 - Standards for a Better Economy/First Half/1 - Data/Raw/Firm Level TFP Estimates and Factor Ratios_February_3_2025.dta.
Detailed instructions on how to download the data are included in the README file for Chapter 4.
Access policy
Data is publicly available but does not allow redistribution, and it is not included in the reproducibility package
License URL
https://login.enterprisesurveys.org/content/sites/financeandprivatesector/en/terms.html
Data URL
https://login.enterprisesurveys.org/content/sites/financeandprivatesector/en/library/combineddata.html
Citation
World Bank. 2025. World Bank Enterprise Surveys (WBES) [dataset]. https://login.enterprisesurveys.org/content/sites/financeandprivatesector/en/library/combineddata.html
Name
World Bank Enterprise Survey Data (WBES) - Public
Note
Files location: Chapter 7 - wdr2025gov/data-raw/source/15-enterprise_surveys.R.
Access policy
Data is publicly available, and the code to download it is included in the reproducibility package.
License
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0)
License URL
https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/legal/terms-of-use-for-datasets
Data URL
https://data360files.worldbank.org/data360-data/data/WB_ES/WB_ES_T_MGMT1.csv
Citation
World Bank. 2025. World Bank Enterprise Surveys (WBES) [dataset]. https://data360files.worldbank.org/data360-data/data/WB_ES/WB_ES_T_MGMT1.csv
Name
fDi Markets Greenfield FDI Project Dataset
Note
Files location: Chapter 4 - Standards for a Better Economy/First_Half/1 - Data/Raw/fDi_Markets_FDI.dta.
Proprietary dataset from fDi Markets (Financial Times) containing greenfield investment project data (capital and jobs) globally since 2003. Data is restricted and not included in the reproducibility package. The list of variables included in the dataset is included in the README file within the specific chapter. Years 2010-2025. The absence of these files will only affect the execution of Chapter 4 (first half).
Access policy
Data is restricted and not included in the reproducibility package.
License
Proprietary Financial Times
Data URL
https://www.fdimarkets.com/
Citation
Financial Times. (2025). fDi Markets Greenfield FDI Project Dataset [dataset]. Accessed: February 2025. https://www.fdimarkets.com/
Name
United Nations M49 Standard Country and Area Codes
Note
Compiled by the authors with information from the United Nations M49 Standard Country and Area Codes.
Files location: Chapter 4 - Standards for a Better Economy/First_Half/1 - Data/Raw/UNSD — Methodology.xlsx
Access policy
Data is included in the reproducibility package
License
UN Data Terms of Use
License URL
https://data.un.org/Host.aspx?Content=UNdataUse
Data URL
https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methodology/m49/
Citation
Authors’ compilation based on the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD). 'Standard Country or Area Codes for Statistical Use (M49)'. Available at https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methodology/m49/
Name
Overview of Regulations for Passenger Cars
Note
Files located at `rawdata/fuel_economy_standard.xlsx`. Contains country-level passenger car fuel economy standards compiled from ICCT’s 2023 global regulatory review.
Access policy
Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package
Data URL
https://theicct.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Table-4.-Overview-of-regulations-for-passenger-cars.pdf
Citation
International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT). (2023). Overview of Regulations for Passenger Cars.
Name
Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC) Database
Note
Files location: Chapter 6 - Standards for a Better Environment/1-data-raw/Population count 1km_ssp2_2030.tif.
Contains 1km gridded global population projections for SSP2 (2030). Accessed October 2025.
Access policy
Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package
License
Creative Commons Zero (CC0)
License URL
https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/engage/open-data-services-software-policies/data-use-guidance
Data URL
https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/data/catalog/sedac-ciesin-sedac-pd-sspbsyr-1km-1.01
Citation
Jones, B., ONeill, B. C., & Gao, J. (2020). Global 1-km Downscaled Population Base Year and Projection Grids for the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs), Revision 01 (Version 1.01) [Data set]. Palisades, NY: NASA Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). https://doi.org/10.7927/Q7Z9-9R69 Date Accessed: 2025-10.
Name
Global Land Surface Dataset of Heating and Cooling Degree Days
Note
File location: Chapter 6 - Standards for a Better Environment/CDD_scenario15_mean_v1.nc.
Contains global gridded cooling degree days (CDD) under a 1.5°C warming scenario. Last accessed October 2025.
Access policy
Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package
License
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0)
License URL
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Data URL
https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:6fced8c0-5c64-44af-b38e-e99785b2db90
Citation
Lizana, J., Miranda, N. D., Sparrow, S. N., Wallom, D. C. H., Khosla, R., & McCulloch, M. (2024). Global land surface dataset of Heating and Cooling Degree Days from a bias-corrected HadAM4-based temperature ensemble under 1.0ºC, 1.5ºC, and 2.0ºC climate scenarios [dataset]. University of Oxford.
Name
Flood Exposure and Poverty in 188 Countries
Note
File location: Chapter 6 - Standards for a Better Environment/1-data-raw/Map6.4-flood exposure.xlsx.
Contains estimates of population exposed to high flood risk (%).
Access policy
Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package
Data URL
https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41467-022-30727-4/MediaObjects/41467_2022_30727_MOESM1_ESM.pdf
Citation
Rentschler, J., Salhab, M., & Jafino, B.A. (2022). Flood exposure and poverty in 188 countries. Nature Communications.
Name
A global overview of national regulations and standards for drinking-water quality
Note
Files location: Chapter 6 - Standards for a Better Environment/1-data-raw/nationalwaterstandards.xlsx.
Contains national drinking water regulations compiled from the WHO’s 2018 global survey.
Access policy
Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package
License
CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO
License URL
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo/
Data URL
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241513760
Citation
World Health Organization. (2018). A global overview of national regulations and standards for drinking-water quality. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241513760
Name
Climate Policy Database: Versions 2020 and 2023
Note
Files locations: Chapter 6 - Standards for a Better Environment/1-data-raw/ClimatePolicyDatabase - v2020.xlsx.
Chapter 6 - Standards for a Better Environment/1-data-raw/ClimatePolicyDatabase - v2023.xlsx;
Chapter 6 - Standards for a Better Environment/1-data-raw/standards_year_country_dataframe.csv.
Access policy
Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package
Data URL
https://climatepolicydatabase.org/about-legal
Citation
Nascimento, L., Kuramochi, T., Iacobuta, G., den Elzen, M., Fekete, H., Weishaupt, M., van Soest, H., Roelfsema, M., De Vivero-Serrano, G., Lui, S., Hans, F., Jose de Villafranca, M., & Höhne, N. (2021). Twenty years of climate policy: G20 coverage and gaps. Climate Policy. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2021.1993776
Name
Climate Actions and Policies Measurement Framework Classifications (CAPMF)
Note
Files location: Chapter 6 - Standards for a Better Environment/1-data-raw/CPD_to_OECD_to_WDR_broad_classification_mapping.xlsx.
Contains manual mapping between CPD policy instruments, OECD CAPMF categories, and WDR classifications.
Access policy
Data is included in the reproducibility package
License
OECD Terms & Conditions
License URL
https://www.oecd.org/en/about/terms-conditions.html
Data URL
https://www.oecd.org/en/data/insights/data-explainers/2025/04/the-climate-actions-and-policies-measurement-framework-capmf.html
Citation
OECD. (2025). Climate Actions and Policies Measurement Framework (CAPMF). https://www.oecd.org/en/data/insights/data-explainers/2025/04/the-climate-actions-and-policies-measurement-framework-capmf.html
Name
Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT)
Note
Files location: Chapter 6 - Standards for a Better Environment/1-data-raw/EMDAT_for_WDR2025_updated.csv.
Contains global data on disaster damages from meteorological, hydrological, and climatological events. Accessed 2025.
Access policy
Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package
License
EM-DAT Terms of Use
License URL
https://www.emdat.be/terms-and-conditions/
Data URL
https://www.emdat.be/
Citation
Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters. (2025). Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT) [dataset].
Name
Unlocking Efficiency: The Global Landscape of Building Energy Regulations and their Enforcement
Note
Files location: Chapter 6 - Standards for a Better Environment/1-data-raw/Map6.2-building codes-Maps for Cartography.xlsx.
Contains building energy code adoption status and global coverage. Accessed 2025.
Data was provided to the team by Jayashree Srinivasan based on data collected for the report: World Bank. 2025. Unlocking Efficiency – The Global Landscape of Building Energy Regulations and Their Enforcement.
Access policy
Data is included in the package
Data URL
https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/099718504112546491
Citation
World Bank (2025). Unlocking Efficiency: The Global Landscape of Building Energy Regulations and their Enforcement [dataset]. https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/099718504112546491
Name
Bank Regulation and Supervision Survey (BRSS)
Note
Files location: Spotlight 4 - Standards in Finance/2021_04_26_brss-public-release.xlsx.
Version: 2021 public release.
Access policy
Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package
License
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
License URL
https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups
Data URL
https://www.worldbank.org/en/research/brief/BRSS
Citation
World Bank. (2025). Bank Regulation and Supervision Survey. https://www.worldbank.org/en/research/brief/BRSS
Name
The Global Findex Database 2025
Note
Files location: Spotlight 4 - Standards in Finance/Findex_SSA_ID_MMbar.csv.
Access policy
Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package
License
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0)
License URL
https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/legal/terms-of-use-for-datasets
Data URL
https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/globalfindex/download-data
Citation
World Bank. (2025). Global Findex [dataset]. https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/globalfindex/download-data
Name
Worldwide Bureaucracy Indicators
Note
Files location: Chapter 7 - wdr2025gov/data-raw/source/.
Access policy
Data is publicly available, and the code to download it is included in the reproducibility package
License
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0)
License URL
https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/legal/terms-of-use-for-datasets
Data URL
https://databank.worldbank.org/source/worldwide-bureaucracy-indicators-(wwbi)#
Citation
World Bank. (2025). Worldwide Bureaucracy Indicators [dataset]. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/worldwide-bureaucracy-indicators-(wwbi)#
Name
Global Survey of Public Servants
Note
Files location: Chapter 7 - wdr2025gov/data-raw/source/.
Access year: 2025
Access policy
Data is publicly available, and the code to download it is included in the reproducibility package
License
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0)
License URL
https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/legal/terms-of-use-for-datasets
Data URL
https://www.globalsurveyofpublicservants.org/sites/default/files/2023-11/GSPS_Indicators_Dataset_11_10_23.xlsx
Citation
World Bank. (2025). Global Survey of Public Servants.
Name
The V-Dem Dataset
Note
Files location: Chapter 7 - wdr2025gov/data-raw/source/.
Access year: 2025
Access policy
Data is publicly available, and the code to download it is included in the reproducibility package
Data URL
https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/country-year-v-dem-fullothers-v15/
Citation
Varieties of Democracy. (2025). The V-Dem Dataset. https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/country-year-v-dem-fullothers-v15/
Name
Public Procurement in Law and Practice
Note
Files location: Chapter 7 - wdr2025gov/data-raw/source/.
Access year: 2025.
Access policy
Data is publicly available, and the code to download it is included in the reproducibility package
Data URL
https://www.openicpsr.org/openicpsr/project/153181/version/V1/view?path=/openicpsr/153181/fcr:versions/V1/Master_Procurement_Data.xlsx&type=file
Citation
Bosio, E., Djankov, S., Glaeser, E. and Shleifer, A., 2022. Public procurement in law and practice. American Economic Review, 112(4), pp.1091-1117.
Name
Relatório Annual de Informações Sociais (RAIS).
Note
Files location: Chapter 7 - wdr2025gov/data-raw/source/.
Access year: 2025
Access policy
Data is publicly available, and the code to download it is included in the reproducibility package
Data URL
https://www.rais.gov.br/sitio/index.jsf
Citation
Labor Ministry, Brazilian Federal Government. (2025). Relatório Annual de Informações Sociais (RAIS). https://www.rais.gov.br/sitio/index.jsf
Name
Reproducibility package for MiDES: New Data and Facts from Local Procurement and Budget Execution in Brazil
Note
Files location: Chapter 7 - wdr2025gov/data-raw/source/.
Access year: 2025
Access policy
Data is publicly available, and the code to download it is included in the reproducibility package
License
Modified BSD3
License URL
https://reproducibility.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/72/
Data URL
https://reproducibility.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/72/
Citation
Dahis, R., Ricca, B., Scot, T., Sales, N., & Nascimento, L. (2023). MiDES: New Data and Facts from Local Procurement and Budget Execution in Brazil. World Bank. https://doi.org/10.60572/HMAM-P072
Name
Brazilian Municipal Shapefiles
Note
Files location: Chapter 7 - wdr2025gov/data-raw/source/.
Access year: 2025
Access policy
Data is publicly available, and the code to download it is included in the reproducibility package
Data URL
https://geoftp.ibge.gov.br/organizacao_do_territorio/malhas_territoriais/malhas_municipais/municipio_2024/Brasil/BR_Municipios_2024.zip
Citation
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatísticas. (2024). Brazilian Municipal Shapefiles.
Name
GovTech Maturity Index
Note
Files location: Chapter 7 - wdr2025gov/data-raw/source/.
Access year: 2025
Access policy
Data is publicly available, and the code to download it is included in the reproducibility package
License
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY 4.0)
License URL
https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/int/public-licenses?fragment=cc
Data URL
https://datacatalogfiles.worldbank.org/ddh-published/0037889/DR0089805/WBG_GovTech%20Dataset_Oct2022.xlsx
Citation
World Bank. (2025). GovTech Maturity Index [dataset]. https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/search/dataset/0037889/GovTech-Dataset
Name
National PM2.5 Standards Data
Note
Data was compiled by the authors using publicly available sources; specific sources are listed in the Excel sheet "source".
Files location: Chapter 6 - Standards for a Better Environment/1-Data/airpollutionstandards.xlsx.
Access policy
Data is included in the reproducibility package
Citation
Authors’ compilation. (2025). National PM2.5 Standards Data [dataset]. World Bank, World Development Report 2025 – Standards for Development.
Name
ISO Standards Dataset
Note
Files location: Spotlight 3 - NSBs/Raw/Most Popular Standards.dta.
Data was created by the authors.
Access policy
Data is included in the reproducibility package.
Citation
Authors’ compilation. (2025). ISO Standards Dataset [dataset]. World Bank, World Development Report 2025 – Standards for Development.
Name
International Accreditation Forum Data
Note
The file was compiled by the authors using information provided by the International Accreditation Forum.
Files location: Chapter 3 - NQI/1 - Data/Raw/IAF accreditation body scopes.xlsx.
Access policy
Data is included in the reproducibility package
Citation
Authors' compilation. (2025). International Accreditation Forum Data [dataset]. World Bank, World Development Report 2025 – Standards for Development.
Name
Accredited Testing and Calibration Laboratories Dataset
Note
Files location: Chapter 3 - NQI/1 - Data/Raw/Accredited testing and calibration labs.xlsx.
Dataset compiled by the authors from publicly available databases of national accreditation bodies. Laboratory ownership categories (academic, private, government) were assigned using artificial intelligence (ChatGPT) via an API, based on the prompt included in the file 'AI prompt accredited laboratories.docx' located in the 'Code' folder."
Access policy
Data is included in the reproducibility package
Citation
Authors' compilation. (2025). Accredited Testing and Calibration Laboratories Dataset [dataset]. World Bank, World Development Report 2025 – Standards for Development.
Name
Survey for National Standards Bodies
Note
Primary data collected by the authors.
Files location: Chapter 3 - NQI/1 - Data/Raw/Survey for National Standards Bodies.xlsx.
Spotlight 3 - NSBs/Raw/Survey for National Standards Bodies.xlsx. To request access to the survey, users can follow the link below.
Access policy
Data is limited-access and not included in the reproducibility package.
Data URL
https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/int/search/dataset/0066929/Survey-for-National-Standards-Bodies
Citation
World Bank. (2025). Survey for National Standards Bodies [dataset]. https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/int/search/dataset/0066929/Survey-for-National-Standards-Bodies
Name
WHO–HAI Medicine Price and Availability Database
Note
Files located at Chapter 5 - Standards for a Better Human Capital/Raw/WHOHAI DATA.xlsx.
Contains the WHO–HAI Medicines Price and Availability Database.
This dataset was shared directly with the WDR 2025 team by Lachlan Oldfield on 15 June 2025. For more information regarding this dataset, contact one of the authors, Joyce Antone Ibrahim (jibrahim@worldbank.org).
Access policy
Data is restricted and not included in the reproducibility package
Data URL
https://haiweb.org/what-we-do/price-availability-affordability/methodology/
Citation
World Health Organization & Health Action International (2025). WHO–HAI Medicine Price and Availability Dataset. Provided directly by Lachlan Oldfield to the WDR 2025 team (June 2025).
Name
Literature Estimates Data
Note
Files location: Chapter 4 - Standards for a Better Economy/Second_Half/Raw/Literature Estimates.xlsx.
The file was manually created by the authors; it contains the estimates from relevant literature of the effect of non-tariff measures on trade. The sources are included in the Excel file.
Access policy
Data is included in the reproducibility package
Citation
Authors' compilation. (2025). Literature Estimates Data [dataset]. World Bank, World Development Report 2025 – Standards for Development.
Name
Electricity Cost Data
Note
Files location: Chapter 6 - Standards for a Better Environment/1-data-raw/Electricity_cost.xlsx.
Contains electricity costs for energy-efficient and regular refrigerators and ceiling fans in the United States, India, and Nigeria. Data was collected from publicly available sources; sources for each data point are listed within the file.
Access policy
Data is included in the package
Citation
Authors' compilation. (2025). Electricity Cost Data [dataset]. World Bank, World Development Report 2025 – Standards for Development.
Name
UNCTAD Trade Analysis and Information System (TRAINS)
Note
Files located at: Chapter 4 - Standards for a Better Economy/Second Half/Cleaned_World.rds.
Contains confidential processed data on non-tariff measures (NTMs) applied by countries to all trading partners, including reporting country, partner country, NTM type, affected HS codes, and implementation dates. Accessed March 2025. The absence of these files will only affect the execution of Chapter 4 (second half).
Access policy
Data is publicly available but does not allow redistribution, and it is not included in the reproducibility package
License
UNCTAD TRAINS terms and conditions
License URL
https://trainsonline.unctad.org/disclaimer
Data URL
https://trainsonline.unctad.org/detailedSearch
Citation
UNCTAD (2025). TRAINS Non-Tariff Measures Database. Retrieved from https://trainsonline.unctad.org/detailedSearch (accessed March 2025).
Name
WITS – Trade Flow Data
Note
Files located at Chapter 4 - Standards for a Better Economy/Second Half/Data/Raw/WITS_Merge.rds. Contains confidential merged trade-flow data, including annual HS-level trade values between country pairs. Although WITS data is theoretically publicly accessible, the extract used here was obtained internally from the WITS team due to size and API limitations. Last updated May 2025. The list of variables and the period is included in the README for this chapter. The absence of these files will only affect the execution of Chapter 4 (second half).
Access policy
Data is restricted and not included in the reproducibility package
Citation
World Bank (2025). World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS). Internal extract provided by WITS team (May 2025).
Name
FAO – Harvest Area Data
Note
Files location: Chapter 4 - Standards for a Better Economy/Second_Half/Raw/FAO_area.xlsx.
Contains confidential data on the size of countries’ total harvest areas. Data from the FAO. These were obtained from ITC under an NDA (accessed June 2025). For more information regarding this dataset, contact one of the authors, Joyce Antone Ibrahim (jibrahim@worldbank.org). The absence of these files will only affect the execution of Chapter 4 (second half).
Access policy
Data is restricted and not included in the reproducibility package
Citation
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2025). Harvest Area Data [dataset]. Access obtained via ITC under NDA (June 2025).
Name
International Trade Centre (ITC) – State of Sustainable Markets
Note
Files location: Chapter 4 - Standards for a Better Economy/Second_Half/Raw/VSS.xlsx. Contains confidential country–label–commodity panel data on area and production certified under private standards (variables: Year, Country_, Commodity, Label, Area harvested average_ha/max_ha/min_ha, Production average_MT/max_MT/min_MT, is_present) for years 2016–2022. Obtained from International Trade Centre under a non-disclosure agreement (NDA). Accessed June 2025. For more information regarding this dataset, contact one of the authors, Joyce Antone Ibrahim (jibrahim@worldbank.org). The absence of these files will only affect the execution of Chapter 4 (second half).
Access policy
Data is restricted and not included in the reproducibility package
Citation
International Trade Centre. (2025). State of Sustainable Markets – VSS Dataset [dataset]. Access obtained under NDA (June 2025).
Name
ISO Administrative Data
Note
Files and Locations:
Spotlight 2 – International SDOs: Raw/ISO_Admin_Data_TC.xlsx.
Spotlight 3 – NSBs: Raw/ISO_Admin_Data_TC.xlsx.
Spotlight 3 - NSBs/Raw/TCdata.dta.
These data were manually compiled by the authors using restricted information provided by ISO under confidentiality agreements. For detailed information on the list of variables, please see the README file of Spotlight 2 and 3. For more information regarding this dataset, contact one of the authors, Joyce Antone Ibrahim (jibrahim@worldbank.org).
Accessed: 2025.
The absence of these files will only affect the execution of Spotlight 2 and 3.
Access policy
Data is restricted and not included in the reproducibility package
Citation
The International Organization of Standardization (ISO). (2025). ISO Administrative Data [restricted data].
Data statement
Some data is restricted and it is not included in the reproducibility package. For more details, please see the README file included in the reproducibility package.
Description
Output
Type
World Bank Reports & Flagships
Title
World Development Report 2025 - Standards For Development
URL
https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/wdr2025
Authors
| Author |
|---|
| World Bank |
Date of production
2025-10-14
Scope and coverage
Geographic locations
| Location | Code |
|---|---|
| World | WLD |
Disclaimer
Disclaimer
The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.
Access and rights
License
| Name | URI |
|---|---|
| Modified BSD3 | https://opensource.org/license/bsd-3-clause/ |
Contacts
Contacts
| Name | Affiliation | |
|---|---|---|
| Joyce Antone Ibrahim | World Bank | jibrahim@worldbank.org |
| Reproducibility WBG | World Bank | reproducibility@worldbank.org |
Information on metadata
Producers
| Name | Abbreviation | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|---|
| Reproducibility WBG | DECDI | World Bank - Development Impact Department | Verification and preparation of metadata |
Date of Production
2025-10-14
Document version
1