Reproducibility package for Pollution Intensity Of Consumption: Exploring The Environmental Engel Curve Based On Micro-Data From 109 Countries
Overview
Environmental Engel curves (EECs) characterize the relationship between the embodied environmental impact of household consumption choices and their respective income levels. Using detailed microdata from 109 countries across all income levels, we study household expenditure shares on 11 fuel types that differ in their air pollution intensity. The findings show that wealthier households tend to shift away from dirty fuels and toward cleaner ones, although this transition is not guaranteed. In low-income countries, limited infrastructure and poor access to clean fuels slow this process, demonstrating that income alone cannot drive energy transitions. By documenting systematic variation in EECs across income groups and national contexts, the paper emphasizes the joint role of income growth and infrastructure development. The analysis also reveals a dual burden of pollution in which richer households are the primary contributors to outdoor air pollution, while poorer households remain reliant on polluting fuels that increase their exposure to indoor air pollution.
Reproducibility Package
| Repository name | URI |
|---|---|
| Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank) | https://reproducibility.worldbank.org |
Reproducibility
Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:
• OS: macOS Sequoia
• Processor: Apple M4 Pro
• Memory available: 24 GB
Runtime: 4 minutes.
To reproduce the findings in the paper, a new user needs to do the following:
- Acquire the datasets from the World Bank’s Climate Policy Assessment Tool (CPAT).
- Acquire the datasets from IPUMS-DHS used for the Environmental Engel Curve figures.
- Copy the data files (using the exact file names listed in the README) into the folder named
data. - Recreate the programming environment specified in the renv.lock file by installing the R package renv and running
renv::restore()from the reproducibility package’s working directory.
Alternatively, manually install all R libraries listed in therenv.lockfile. - Run the following scripts in order:
DHS_DataProcessR script.Figures 4-7do file.Figure3R script.
As the data is not publicly available, this reproducibility package includes the code outputs generated by the code reviewers during verification. These files are located in the folder figures.
Data
All data is limited-access and has not been included in the reproducibility package. For more details, please refer to the README file.
Description
| Author | Affiliation | |
|---|---|---|
| Ebad Ebadi | World Bank | ebadi@worldbank.org |
| Jun Rentschler | World Bank | jrentschler@worldbank.org |
2025-11-10
Scope and coverage
| Location | Code |
|---|---|
| World | WLD |
Disclaimer
The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.
Access and rights
| Name | URI |
|---|---|
| Modified BSD3 | https://opensource.org/license/bsd-3-clause/ |
Contacts
| Name | Affiliation | |
|---|---|---|
| Ebad Ebadi | World Bank | ebadi@worldbank.org |
| Reproducibility WBG | World Bank | reproducibility@worldbank.org |
Information on metadata
| Name | Abbreviation | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|---|
| Reproducibility WBG | DECDI | World Bank - Development Impact Department | Verification and preparation of metadata |
2025-11-10
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