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Reproducibility package for The Path To People-Centered Justice In Kenya: A 2025 Jupiter Assessment

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FR_KEN_2025_403
Author(s)
Manuel Ramos-Maqueda
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Created on
Dec 10, 2025
Last modified
Dec 10, 2025
  • Overview
  • Reproducibility Package
  • Description
  • Scope and coverage
  • Disclaimer
  • Access and rights
  • Contacts
  • Information on metadata

    • Overview

    Abstract

    This report examines the state of the justice system in Kenya following the JUPITER Methodology. JUPITER is a country-based assessment framework developed by the World Bank Group (WBG) to benchmark the state and performance of a country’s judiciary in three main areas: access to justice, efficiency, and quality. The report presents the main challenges that emerged from empirical work to provide data-informed, context-specific policy implications.

    Reproducibility Package

    Scripts
    Get Reproducibility Package
    File name
    RR_KEN_2025_403
    Zip package
    RR_KEN_2025_403.zip
    Title
    Reproducibility package for The Path To People-Centered Justice In Kenya: A 2025 Jupiter Assessment
    Date
    2025-08
    Dependencies
    R dependencies are listed in the file renv.lock. No Stata or Excel dependencies are used.
    Instructions
    See README in reproducibility package.
    Notes
    Computational reproducibility verified by Development Impact (DECDI) Analytics team, World Bank.
    Source code repository
    Repository name URI
    Reproducible Research Repository (World Bank) https://reproducibility.worldbank.org
    Software
    Name
    R
    Version
    4.4.1
    Name
    Stata
    Version
    18.5
    Name
    Excel
    Version
    Microsoft® Excel® for Microsoft 365 MSO

    Reproducibility

    Technology environment

    Paper exhibits were reproduced on a computer with the following specifications:
    • OS: Windows 11 Enterprise
    • Processor: Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-1145G7 CPU @ 2.60GHz
    • Memory available: 15.7 GB
    Technology requirements

    Runtime: 7 minutes.
    Reproduction instructions

    1. Access the data: Five datasets required to run the code are not included in the reproducibility due to access and redistribution restrictions. User need to gain access to these data to reproduce the results. See the Datasets section for details.
    2. Download and place the data: once all data are obtained, copy it to their corresponding folders.
    3. Run the Stata code: change the global path in the do-file "Stata/Code/00_main" and run it.
    4. Run the R code: change the project root in the script "R/Code/00_master" and run it.
    5. Open the Excel files: Open the Excel file "Excel/court fees.xlsx" and "Excel/attorney fees.xlsx" to display figures 14-1 and 14-2.

    Since all the data are not included, the package includes the results produced by replicators. These files can be used to review the results presented in the paper.

    Data

    Datasets
    Name
    Afrobarometer - Kenya Country Data
    Note
    Source: Afrobarometer. Data used includes Kenya data for rounds 2-9 and the report for Round 10. All data are available at http://www.afrobarometer.org. Located at: "Stata/Data/Raw/ken_r2_data.sav, ken_r3_data.sav", "ken_r4_data.sav", "ken_r5_data_july_2015.sav", "ken_r6_data_2015.sav", "ken_r7_data.sav", "ken_r8.data_.new_.final_.wtd_release.31mar21.sav", "afrobarometer_release-dataset_ken_r9_en_2023-03-01.sav", "Summary-of-results-Kenya-Afrobarometer-R10-template-Eng-16oct24-for-upload.pdf". Access date: Apr 3rd, 2025 (round 2-4), May 25th, 2025 (round 5-9), March 23, 2025 (round 10). Variable names: q33b (How often president ignores laws); q33e (How often people treated unequally under the law); q33f (How often officials unpunished); q33g (How often ordinary people unpunished); q37i (Trust courts of law); q38f (Corruption: judges and magistrates). Merged: q33b (How often president ignores laws); q33e (How often people treated unequally under the law); q33f (How often officials unpunished); q33g (How often ordinary people unpunished); q37i (Trust courts of law); q38f (Corruption: judges and magistrates). Please see more details in the README file.
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available but does not allow redistribution.
    License URL
    https://www.afrobarometer.org/data/data-usage-and-access-policy/
    Data URL
    https://www.afrobarometer.org/data/data-sets/
    Citation
    Afrobarometer. 2024. "Afrobarometer Data, Kenya, Rounds 2-10, [dataset]". Downloaded from https://www.afrobarometer.org/data/data-sets/. Access date: Apr 3rd, 2025 (round 2-4), May 25th, 2025 (round 5-9), March 23, 2025 (round 10).
    Name
    Afrobarometer - Merged Dataset
    Note
    Source: Afrobarometer. Located at: "Stata/Data/Raw/R9.Merge_39ctry.20Nov23.final.release_Updated.25Oct24 2 2.sav". Access date: Nov 1st, 2024. Variable names: q33b (How often president ignores laws); q33e (How often people treated unequally under the law); q33f (How often officials unpunished); q33g (How often ordinary people unpunished); q37i (Trust courts of law); q38f (Corruption: judges and magistrates). Please see more details in the README file.
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available but does not allow redistribution.
    License URL
    https://www.afrobarometer.org/data/data-usage-and-access-policy/
    Data URL
    https://www.afrobarometer.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/R9.Merge_39ctry.20Nov23.final_.release_Updated.4Jun25-3.sav
    Citation
    Afrobarometer. 2023. "Afrobarometer Data, Merged Round 9 data (39 countries) [dataset]". Downloaded from https://www.afrobarometer.org/data/data-sets/. Access date: Nov 1st, 2024.
    Name
    Kenya Court User Survey 2019
    Note
    Source: The Judiciary of Kenya.. This dataset was provided to the authors by the Kenyan judiciary under confidential agreements. Located at: Stata/Data/Raw/court User survey_data_2019.xlsx. Variable names: que1 (Role), que 5 (Distance), que6 (Satisfaction with Distance), que7a-h (Court buildings), que24 (Bribe Incidence), que27 (Awareness of CUCs), que29 (Awareness of CAM), que32 (Gender), que33 (Education), Name_Court (Station Name).
    Access policy
    Data is restricted and not included in the reproducibility package
    Citation
    The Judiciary of Kenya. n.d. "Kenya Court User Survey 2019 [dataset]". Unpublished data. Accessed May 2024.
    Name
    Annual report of the state of the judiciary and administration of justice (SOJAR) 2023-2024
    Note
    Source: Annual report of the state of the judiciary and administration of justice (SOJAR) 2023-2024. Data for number of cases, time to disposition, and number of judges at Kenyan courts at the county level was manually compiled from the report (available at the data URL) for magistrate courts, high courts, environment and land courts, and employment and labour relations courts. Data was accessed on May 29, 2025. Data file: "R/Data/Counties.xlsx".
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
    License URL
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.en
    Data URL
    https://judiciary.go.ke/sojar2023-2024/
    Citation
    The Judiciary of Kenya. 2024. "Annual report of the state of the judiciary and administration of justice (SOJAR) 2023-2024". Downloaded from https://judiciary.go.ke/sojar2023-2024/. Accessed May 29, 2025.
    Name
    Annual report of the state of the judiciary and administration of justice (SOJAR) 2022-2023
    Note
    Source: Annual report of the state of the judiciary and administration of justice (SOJAR) 2022-2023. Data for the gender of judges, number of cases, and case backlog was manually compiled from the report for all types of courts. Data was accessed on May 17, 2024. Data file: "R/Data/Kenya Gender Efficiency.xlsx".
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
    License URL
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.en
    Data URL
    https://judiciary.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/SOJAR-2022-2023-1.pdf
    Citation
    The Judiciary of Kenya. 2023. "Annual report of the state of the judiciary and administration of justice (SOJAR) 2022-2023". Downloaded from https://judiciary.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/SOJAR-2022-2023-1.pdf. Accessed May 17, 2024.
    Name
    Annual report of the state of the judiciary and administration of justice (SOJAR) 2021-2022
    Note
    Source: Annual report of the state of the judiciary and administration of justice (SOJAR) 2021-2022. Data for the gender of judges, number of cases, and case backlog was manually compiled from the report for all types of courts. Data was accessed on May 17, 2024. Data file: "R/Data/Kenya Gender Efficiency.xlsx".
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
    License URL
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.en
    Data URL
    https://www.judiciary.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Sojar-21-22-for-Launch-1.pdf
    Citation
    The Judiciary of Kenya. 2022. "Annual report of the state of the judiciary and administration of justice (SOJAR) 2021-2022". Downloaded from https://www.judiciary.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Sojar-21-22-for-Launch-1.pdf. Accessed May 17, 2024.
    Name
    Annual report of the state of the judiciary and administration of justice (SOJAR) 2018-2019
    Note
    Source: Annual report of the state of the judiciary and administration of justice (SOJAR) 2018-2019. Data for the gender of judges, number of cases, and case backlog was manually compiled from the report for all types of courts. Data was accessed on May 17, 2024. Data file: "R/Data/Kenya Gender Efficiency.xlsx".
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    Data URL
    https://ncaj.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/SOJAR-REPORT-2018-_-2019.pdf
    Citation
    The Judiciary of Kenya. 2020. "Annual report of the state of the judiciary and administration of justice (SOJAR) 2018-2019". Downloaded from https://ncaj.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/SOJAR-REPORT-2018-_-2019.pdf. Accessed May 17, 2024.
    Name
    Annual report of the state of the judiciary and administration of justice (SOJAR) 2016-2017
    Note
    Source: Annual report of the state of the judiciary and administration of justice (SOJAR) 2016-2017. Data for the gender of judges, number of cases, and case backlog was manually compiled from the report for all types of courts. Data was accessed on May 17, 2024. Data file: "R/Data/Kenya Gender Efficiency.xlsx".
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    Data URL
    https://ncaj.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/SOJAR-2016%EF%80%A217.pdf
    Citation
    The Judiciary of Kenya. 2017. "Annual report of the state of the judiciary and administration of justice (SOJAR) 2016-2017". Downloaded from https://ncaj.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/SOJAR-2016%EF%80%A217.pdf. Accessed May 17, 2024.
    Name
    Annual report of the state of the judiciary and administration of justice (SOJAR) 2014-2015
    Note
    Source: Annual report of the state of the judiciary and administration of justice (SOJAR) 2014-2015. Data for the gender of judges, number of cases, and case backlog was manually compiled from the report for all types of courts. Data was accessed on May 17, 2024. Data file: "R/Data/Kenya Gender Efficiency.xlsx".
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    Data URL
    https://ncaj.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/SOJAR-2014%EF%80%A215.pdf
    Citation
    The Judiciary of Kenya. 2015. "Annual report of the state of the judiciary and administration of justice (SOJAR) 2014-2015". Downloaded from https://ncaj.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/SOJAR-2014%EF%80%A215.pdf. Accessed May 17, 2024.
    Name
    Evaluation report of performance management and measurement understanding (PMMU) 2022-2023
    Note
    Source: Evaluation report of performance management and measurement understanding (PMMU) 2022-2023. Data for productivity at Kenyan courts at the county level was manually compiled from the report (available at the data URL) for magistrate courts, high courts, environment and land courts, and employment and labour relations courts. Data was accessed on May 29, 2025. Data file: "R/Data/Counties.xlsx".
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    Data URL
    https://www.judiciary.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/PERFORMANCE-MANAGEMENT-AND-MEASUREMENT-UNDERSTANDINGS-EVALUATION-REPORT-20222023.pdf
    Citation
    The Judiciary of Kenya. 2024. "Evaluation report of performance management and measurement understanding (PMMU) 2022-2023". Downloaded from https://www.judiciary.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/PERFORMANCE-MANAGEMENT-AND-MEASUREMENT-UNDERSTANDINGS-EVALUATION-REPORT-20222023.pdf. Accessed May 29, 2025.
    Name
    Kenya county population
    Note
    Source: Thomas Brinkhoff - City Population. Data file: "Counties.xlsx", spreadsheet "Counties Population". Data was accessed in May 29, 2025.
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    CC BY 3.0
    License URL
    https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
    Data URL
    https://www.citypopulation.de/en/kenya/admin/
    Citation
    Thomas Brinkhoff. 2023. "City Population - Kenya county population [dataset]". Accessed from https://www.citypopulation.de/en/kenya/admin/. Accessed May 29, 2025.
    Name
    Kenya County GDP
    Note
    Source: Stats Kenya. Data contains the country GDP at millions of KSH for 2022. Data file: "Counties.xlsx", spreadsheet "Gross County Product". Data was accessed in May 29, 2025.
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available but does not allow redistribution.
    License URL
    https://statskenya.co.ke/terms-and-conditions
    Data URL
    https://statskenya.co.ke/at-stats-kenya/about/gross-county-product-county-gdp/45/
    Citation
    Stats Kenya. n.d. "Kenya County GDP [dataset]". Accessed from https://statskenya.co.ke/at-stats-kenya/about/gross-county-product-county-gdp/45/. Accessed May 29, 2025.
    Name
    e-Filing and Commercial Justice Sector Reforms Survey Report
    Note
    Source: e-Filing and Commercial Justice Sector Reforms Survey Report. Data on ease of use of the e-filing system was manually compiled by the authors using information from the report. Data files: "R/Data/Ease_of_Use_of_CTS_by_Registry_Staff.csv", "E-filing_Judiciary_Survey_Data.csv". Access date: May 15, 2024.
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    Citation
    The Judiciary of Kenya. 2022. "e-Filing and Commercial Justice Sector Reforms Survey Report". Downloaded from https://www.judiciary.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/E-Filing-Survey-April-2023-FINAL-2.pdf. Accessed May 15, 2024.
    Name
    JUPITER Survey Data for the Justice Sector of Kenya
    Note
    Source: This data was collected by the authors via a Microsoft Forms online survey, between February and May of 2025. This data is confidential. Located at: "R/Data/Justice Sector Survey_Kenya JUPITER Assessment(1-27).xslx". A detailed list of variables used is included in the README file.
    Access policy
    Data is restricted and not included in the reproducibility package.
    Citation
    Manuel Ramos-Maqueda. 2025. "JUPITER Survey Data for the Justice Sector of Kenya [dataset]". Unpublished data. Collected in February-May 2025.
    Name
    State of the Judiciary and the Administration of Justice Reports
    Note
    Source: The Judiciary of Kenya. Republic of State of the Judiciary and the Administration of Justice Reports (2014-2024). The authors used the listed source to compile the information used. Please note that the links are broken from the original URLs we consulted. The downloaded files are available in the raw data folder R/Data. The details of where each of the information comes from for each tab are included in the README file. Access date: May 17th, 2024. Located at: R/Data/Kenya Gender Efficiency.xlsx, compiled from SOJAR 2014-2015, SOJAR REPORT 2018 _ 2019 final, SOJAR-2016 17, SOJAR-2022-2023-1, SOJAR-2023-2024, Sojar-Report-21_22.
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    Name
    Doing Business 2020
    Note
    Source: World Bank, Doing Business. References are linked in the Sheet “Figure 15”, Column C (“Source”), and in the Sheet “Figure 14”, Column C (“Source”). Access date: Apr 9, 2025. Variable names: Attorney Fees and Court Fees for Tanzania, South Sudan, Uganda, Liberia, Kenya, and Rwanda. Located at: "Excel/Attorney Fees.xlsx", "Court fees.xlsx".
    Access policy
    Data is publicly available and included in the reproducibility package.
    License
    CC-BY 4 with additional terms specified in the license URL
    License URL
    https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/legal/terms-of-use-for-datasets
    Data URL
    https://archive.doingbusiness.org/en/data/exploreeconomies/
    Citation
    World Bank. 2020. "Doing Business 2020 [dataset]". Accessed at https://archive.doingbusiness.org/en/data/exploreeconomies. Accessed April 9, 2025.
    Data statement

    Some data is restricted and has not been included in the reproducibility package. For more details, please refer to the README file.

    Description

    Output
    Type
    World Bank Reports & Flagships
    Title
    The Path To People-Centered Justice In Kenya: A 2025 Jupiter Assessment
    Authors
    Author Affiliation Email
    Manuel Ramos-Maqueda World Bank mramosmaqueda@worldbank.org
    Date of production

    2025-11-19

    Scope and coverage

    Geographic locations
    Location Code
    Kenya KEN

    Disclaimer

    Disclaimer

    The materials in the reproducibility packages are distributed as they were prepared by the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this event do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, the Executive Directors of the World Bank, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the materials included in the reproducibility package.

    Access and rights

    License
    Name URI
    Modified BSD3 https://opensource.org/license/bsd-3-clause/

    Contacts

    Contacts
    Name Affiliation Email
    Manuel Ramos-Maqueda World Bank mramosmaqueda@worldbank.org
    Reproducibility WBG World Bank reproducibility@worldbank.org

    Information on metadata

    Producers
    Name Abbreviation Affiliation Role
    Reproducibility WBG DECDI World Bank - Development Impact Department Verification and preparation of metadata
    Date of Production

    2025-08-13
    Document version

    1
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